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A New Fulcrum for Nutrient A New Fulcrum for Nutrient Management … Management …
Balancing on the Old Won’t DoBalancing on the Old Won’t Do
Western Nutrient Management ConferenceWestern Nutrient Management Conference
March 3-4, 2005 Salt Lake City, UTMarch 3-4, 2005 Salt Lake City, UT
Paul FixenPaul Fixen
Potash & Phosphate InstitutePotash & Phosphate Institute
The Balance ParadigmThe Balance Paradigm
Productivity Environment
NutrientNutrientManagementManagement
The Balance ParadigmThe Balance Paradigm
Productivity
Environment
NutrientNutrientManagementManagement
If one goes up … the other goes downIf one goes up … the other goes downEnvironmental progress is associated with productivity lossesEnvironmental progress is associated with productivity losses
Progress with one shifts resources away from the other Progress with one shifts resources away from the other
Productivity
Environment
Environmental Considerationsfor nutrient management
Global reactive N Hypoxia Surface and ground water quality Air quality Soil quality (metals, pathogens, etc.) Climate change Biodiversity
Source: FAO
• Production must increaseProduction must increase• Brown quoteBrown quote
25x2525x25
Vision:Vision: Agriculture will provide 25% of the total energy consumed in the U.S. by 2025 while continuing to produce abundant, safe and affordable food and fiber. Ag Energy Working Group
Role of agriculture: Produce liquid fuels for
tranportation’s needs Harness wind and solar
energy Process biogases for
the production of electricity
Produce biomass for energy production
Utilize crop residues and ag wastes to generate heat and power
Capture C, sequester GH gases and improve air, water and soil quality
Clearly beyond the traditionalClearly beyond the traditionalrole of food and fiber productionrole of food and fiber production
Soil Test P Frequency Distribution for Soil Test P Frequency Distribution for North America in 2001North America in 2001
2.0 million samples
Median P = 28 ppm Median P = 28 ppm
45%45%
Median Soil Test P Levels in 2001Median Soil Test P Levels in 2001
NDND
SKSKMBMB
ONON
BCBCABAB
WAWA
OROR
MTMT
IDID
SDSD
MNMN
PQPQ
NYNY
PAPAOHOHININILIL
IAIA
WIWIMIMI
WYWY
UTUT
NVNV
CACA
AZAZ NMNM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VTVT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NENE
KSKSMOMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMDDEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTNTN
ARAROKOK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
COCO
North AmericaNorth America28 ppm P28 ppm P
NCNC3030
NGPNGP1212
SGPSGP2121
WW2121
SESE3636
NENE>50>50
Bray P-1 Equivalent, ppmBray P-1 Equivalent, ppm
Data not available for: Data not available for: AL, BC, NC, ON, SC, VA, WVAL, BC, NC, ON, SC, VA, WV
A critical need for the (re)integration of A critical need for the (re)integration of nutrient management and agronomynutrient management and agronomy
Answering the “simple” question:
What level of nutrient X does this crop need on this soil … considering system yield, product considering system yield, product
quality, and soil, water and air impacts?quality, and soil, water and air impacts?
Haven’t the important agronomic questions Haven’t the important agronomic questions related to nutrient management been answered?related to nutrient management been answered?
Recent K Recommendation Changes in IowaRecent K Recommendation Changes in Iowa
Soil test % of IA soils*
category Old New
Very low 3 12
Low 9 24
Optimum (Medium) 24 24
High 24 13
Very high 40 27
36 60
*Based on PPI 2001 summary of 327,000 samples using low subsoil interpretation for all soils. Number in red is % medium or below.
K recommendedin Iowa
(1000 tons K2O)
Old recs 260New recs 572572
K response of cotton varieties has K response of cotton varieties has changedchanged
19981998 19811981
Camberato and Jones, Clemson U.
““Based on these recent results, new, higher-yielding, fast-Based on these recent results, new, higher-yielding, fast-fruiting cotton varieties may respond favorably to higher rates fruiting cotton varieties may respond favorably to higher rates of applied K than older varieties.”of applied K than older varieties.”
Response to P, K and S beyond recommended Response to P, K and S beyond recommended levels for irrigated ridge-till corn in Kansaslevels for irrigated ridge-till corn in Kansas
1 Plus 230 lb N/A with 2 splits (preplant, V4). 2 KSU recommendation.
P2O5+K2O+S, lb/A1
Population 30+0+02 100+80+40 Response
PPA grain yield, bu/A
Carr sandy loam, avg of 2000-2002
28,000 162 205 43
42,000 159 223 64
Crete silt loam, 2003
28,000 176 203 27
42,000 174 247 72
Gordon (KSU), 2004
ppmCarr 20 240 Crete 25 180
Bray P1 KSite
Potassium and soybean rust incidence on sandy soil
- K, +
fungicide
Border of the field
+ K, +
fungicide
+ K, -
fungicide
- K, -
fungicide
Eng. Agr. Leandro Zancanaro
Pesquisador Fundação MT/PMABrazil
Nutrient X Disease Interactions
Nutrient – Disease Interaction Tour GroupNutrient – Disease Interaction Tour GroupSouthern Brazil, Feb. 2005Southern Brazil, Feb. 2005
Don Huber,Purdue U.
T. Yamada,Potafos
Bob Kremer,USDA-ARS & U. of Missouri
Volker Romheld,Hohenheim U.
(Germany)
Ismail Cakmak,Sabanci U.(Istanbul)
Paulo Castro,U. Sao Paulo
Farming and the Fate of Wild NatureFarming and the Fate of Wild Nature
Science, January 28, 2005 Authors: Green, Cornell, Scharlemann and
Balmford (Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Cambridge) Wildlife friendly farming vs land sparing “Empirical data on such density-yield functions
are sparse, but evidence from a range of taxa in developing countries suggests that high-yield farming may allow more species to persist.”
Zoologists & ecologists seeing improving Zoologists & ecologists seeing improving productivity as a solution to conservation of productivity as a solution to conservation of
biodiversitybiodiversity
Production of U.S. field crops: $62 billion$62 billion
Are we confident of the yield and quality implications of nutrient management for these crops?
Production of horticultural crops: $41 billion$41 billion
Ross Welch, 2004 … Farming for Health: the Future of Agriculture
Water & Energy (2)
Protein
(AAs) (9)
Lipids-Fat
(FAs) (2)
Macros (7)
Micros (17)
Vitamins
(13)
Water
Carbs
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Na
K
Ca
Mg
S
P
Cl
Fe,Zn
Cu,Mn
I, F
B, Se
Mo, Ni
Cr, V
Si, As
Li, Sn
Co (in B12)
A, D, E, K
C (Ascorbic acid)
B1 (Thiamin)
B2 (Riboflavin)
B3 (Pantothenic acid)
Niacin
B6 (Pyridoxal)
Folate
Biotin
B12 (Cobalamin)
The Known 50 Essential Nutrients for The Known 50 Essential Nutrients for Sustaining Human LifeSustaining Human Life**
*Numerous other beneficial substances in foods are also known to contribute to good health.
Welch, 2004
Vegetable N1 N2 N3
Swiss chard 67.8 56.1 47.6
Kale, collards 113.0 112.0 66.0
Brussels-sprouts 112.0 101.0 93.0
Effects of N & K Fertilizers on Vitamin CEffects of N & K Fertilizers on Vitamin C
Vegetable K1 K2 K3
Swiss chard 49.9 56.1 59.3
Kale, collards 98.0 112.0 118.0
Brussels-sprouts 88.0 101.0 100.0
Data from Salunkhe and Deshpande,1991 assummarized by Welch, 2004.
(mg/100g fr. wt.)(mg/100g fr. wt.)
Fertilizing Crops for Fertilizing Crops for Functional Foods,Functional Foods,
2002 ASA Symposium2002 ASA Symposium(isoflavones, lycopene, etc.)(isoflavones, lycopene, etc.)
Apples — PCitrus — N, K
Cole crops — S, SeEchinacea — N, P
Flax — N, P, KSoybeans — K
Tomatoes — P, KWatermelons — K
Productivity considerationsfor nutrient management
Yield, profitability, competitiveness Basic calibration & optimization for
today’s systems Nutrients in holistic crop management
Crop/food quality for specific use Meeting global food needs Energy/biofuels Sparing land for nature
A new fulcrum with greater potential to A new fulcrum with greater potential to advance and apply knowledge and technology advance and apply knowledge and technology
for nutrient management for nutrient management
Productivity/Environment
NutrientNutrientManagementManagement
How do we build How do we build a bigger fulcrum?a bigger fulcrum?
Building a bigger fulcrum for nutrient Building a bigger fulcrum for nutrient management management
1. Sell the need internally Within departments, colleges Within companies
2. Sell the need externally To other departments, colleges, states,
legislatures, agencies, companies To potential partners in development and
financial support
Non-western examplesNon-western examples
Commodity GroupCommodity Group
United Soybean Board by Foundation for Agronomic Research (FAR)
“Coordination Of Management Practices Enhancing Total Efficiency (COMPETE)”
Improved nutrient management as a means for U.S. growers to compete with South American growers.
$620,000 over two years Eaten up in 2005 by Asian soybean rust
Foundation for Agronomic Research/PPINebraska Corn Board
Fluid Fertilizer FoundationIMC Global
Nebraska Soybean BoardUNL Department of Agronomy
P Fellowship ProgramP Fellowship Program
Kansas State UniversityInitiated Summer 2004
$40,000/yr; 10 yrsSupporters: Agrium, Cargill,
IMC Global, Potash Corp, Simplot
Note: IMC Global and Cargill Crop Nutrition are now Mosaic
Building a bigger fulcrum for nutrient Building a bigger fulcrum for nutrient management management
1. Sell the need internally2. Sell the need externally3. Set as our objectives:
Improvement of mechanistic understanding that can address both production and environmental issues
Integration of existing knowledge bits into usable management tools – a growing need driven by technology and consolidation of farms and agribusiness
Nutrient management today needs solutions Nutrient management today needs solutions that simultaneously allow for improvement that simultaneously allow for improvement
of productivity & environmental impactof productivity & environmental impact
Productivity/Environment
Nutrient ManagementNutrient Management