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Absolutism & the Old RegimeAbsolutism & the Old Regime
OUTLINE Defining AbsolutismDefining Absolutism France & Louis XIVFrance & Louis XIV Absolutism ElsewhereAbsolutism Elsewhere
Prussia & Frederick Prussia & Frederick IIII
Austrian Empire & Austrian Empire & Maria TheresaMaria Theresa
Russia & Peter the Russia & Peter the GreatGreat
IDENTIFICATIONSIDENTIFICATIONS AbsolutismAbsolutism Louis XIVLouis XIV FrondeFronde ParlementParlement VersaillesVersailles Frederick II (the Great)Frederick II (the Great)
Defining Absolutism A “centralized form of government dominated by A “centralized form of government dominated by
a monarchy that shared little power with any a monarchy that shared little power with any other national institutions.” Example: France other national institutions.” Example: France under Louis XIVunder Louis XIV
Other Attempts:Other Attempts: Hohenzollerns under Frederick the Great Hohenzollerns under Frederick the Great
(Prussia)(Prussia) Holy Roman Empire (ruled by the Habsburgs) Holy Roman Empire (ruled by the Habsburgs) Russia under Peter the GreatRussia under Peter the Great
Declining PowersDeclining Powers Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire PolandPoland Ottoman TurkeyOttoman Turkey
Europe: The Age of Europe: The Age of AbsolutismAbsolutism
Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642)(d. 1642)
Armand du Plessis, duc Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu de Richelieu (b. 1585)(b. 1585)
Chief minister to Louis XIII, Chief minister to Louis XIII, Richelieu sought to Richelieu sought to enhance royal power and enhance royal power and reduce noble ambition.reduce noble ambition.
Introduced the use of Introduced the use of intendents, royal officials intendents, royal officials who implemented and who implemented and oversaw royal policy oversaw royal policy throughout the country.throughout the country.
Regency of Anne of Austria Regency of Anne of Austria & Cardinal Mazarin (1643-1661)& Cardinal Mazarin (1643-1661)
Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666) & Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666) & Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia (1648) (1648)Brought an end to the Thirty Years’ WarBrought an end to the Thirty Years’ WarFrance & Sweden vs. Holy Roman France & Sweden vs. Holy Roman
Empire & SpainEmpire & Spain Mazarin wanted to pursue the policies of Mazarin wanted to pursue the policies of
Louis XIII by continuing to curb the powers Louis XIII by continuing to curb the powers of the French nobility & strengthen the of the French nobility & strengthen the power of the monarchy.power of the monarchy.
The FrondeThe Fronde (1648-1653) (1648-1653) Led by nobles & judicial leaders Led by nobles & judicial leaders
((parlementairesparlementaires))ParlementParlement of Paris = a court of law, not a of Paris = a court of law, not a
representative assemblyrepresentative assemblyWanted to limit the growing authority of the Wanted to limit the growing authority of the
crown.crown. Princes and great nobles (Princes and great nobles (les grandesles grandes))
Also wanted to limit the power of the Also wanted to limit the power of the monarchy & protect their privilegesmonarchy & protect their privileges
The Fronde was the last attempt of the nobility The Fronde was the last attempt of the nobility to resist the king by arms.to resist the king by arms.
ResultsResultsHumiliation of the noblesHumiliation of the noblesStrengthening of royal authorityStrengthening of royal authorityDisruption of the French economyDisruption of the French economy
Louis XIV Louis XIV (Reigned: 1643-1715)(Reigned: 1643-1715)
Reigned for 72 years, for 54 of them Reigned for 72 years, for 54 of them he personally controlled the French he personally controlled the French government. government.
Louis XIV of France ranks as one of Louis XIV of France ranks as one of the most remarkable monarchs in the most remarkable monarchs in history.history.
Le Roi SoleilLe Roi Soleil (The Sun King) (The Sun King) His rule has been hailed as the His rule has been hailed as the
supreme example of absolutism.supreme example of absolutism. Under Louis XIV, France became Under Louis XIV, France became
stabilized, centralized, & one of the stabilized, centralized, & one of the strongest powers in Europe. strongest powers in Europe. Louis XIV
Painting by RigaudLouvre
Louis XIV’s Drive Toward Louis XIV’s Drive Toward AbsolutismAbsolutism
Saw himself as God’s vicar on earth for Saw himself as God’s vicar on earth for FranceFranceDivine Right or Divine Rule Divine Right or Divine Rule The king rules through God’s grace The king rules through God’s grace
Completely reorganized France, making it Completely reorganized France, making it into a highly-centralized, well-functioning into a highly-centralized, well-functioning modern nation-state.modern nation-state.
Basis of reorganization: CentralizationBasis of reorganization: CentralizationGovernment administrationGovernment administrationFinancial resourcesFinancial resourcesArmy was reserved as occupation for Army was reserved as occupation for
nobilitynobility
Developed of trade & manufacturing Developed of trade & manufacturing (mercantilism) under direction of J-B (mercantilism) under direction of J-B ColbertColbert
He believed that the state & the sovereign He believed that the state & the sovereign were one.were one.He thought that all power should be He thought that all power should be
concentrated in one place - in him. concentrated in one place - in him. ““L etat, c’est moi.” (“I am the State.”)L etat, c’est moi.” (“I am the State.”)
He attempted to strengthen the crown He attempted to strengthen the crown by diminishing the individual privileges by diminishing the individual privileges of French nobles.of French nobles.
Sun King (Sun King (le roi soleille roi soleil))
Louis XIV’s Drive Toward AbsolutismLouis XIV’s Drive Toward Absolutism
Palace of Versailles
La Chateau de Versailles
Built under the direction of achitect, Louis le Vau, beginning in 1668.
Gardens of Versailles
Gardens of Versailles
Grand cour de Versailles
Palace of Versailles (Hall of Mirrors)
The best example of Baroque architecture at the time.Designed by Charles Le Brun
Palace of Versailles (Hall of Mirrors)
Palace of Versailles (Royal Chapel)
Imagery at Versailles (Le Roi Soleil)
Louis XIV’s WarsLouis XIV’s Wars 1667 invaded Spanish 1667 invaded Spanish
NetherlandsNetherlands Defeated by the British & Defeated by the British &
DutchDutch 1672-1678: Louis aligned with 1672-1678: Louis aligned with
the Charles II (England) against the Charles II (England) against the Dutchthe Dutch France gained territoryFrance gained territory
War of the League of Augsburg War of the League of Augsburg (1668-1697)(1668-1697) Grand Alliance against Grand Alliance against
FranceFrance France lostFrance lost
War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)(1701-1713) France lost most of the France lost most of the
battles but achieved it goalbattles but achieved it goal—the installation of a French —the installation of a French prince as king of Spain.prince as king of Spain.
Limited Monarchy: The Limited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and EnglandDutch Republic and England
The Golden Age of the Dutch The Golden Age of the Dutch RepublicRepublicThe United ProvincesThe United ProvincesInternal dissensionInternal dissension
The House of Orange and the StadholdersThe House of Orange and the StadholdersThe States General opposes the House of The States General opposes the House of
OrangeOrangeWilliam III (1672 – 1702)William III (1672 – 1702)Trade damaged by warsTrade damaged by wars
England and the Emergence of England and the Emergence of Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy
Revolution and Civil WarRevolution and Civil War James I (1603 – 1625) and the James I (1603 – 1625) and the
House of StuartHouse of Stuart Divine Right of KingsDivine Right of Kings Parliament and the power of Parliament and the power of
the pursethe purse Religious policiesReligious policies
The PuritansThe Puritans Charles I (1625 – 1649)Charles I (1625 – 1649)
Petition of RightPetition of Right ““Personal Rule” (1629 – Personal Rule” (1629 –
1640): Parliament does not 1640): Parliament does not meetmeet
Religious policy angers Religious policy angers PuritansPuritans
Civil War (1642 – 1648)Civil War (1642 – 1648)
Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell New Model ArmyNew Model Army Charles I executed Charles I executed
(January 30, 1649)(January 30, 1649) Parliament abolishes Parliament abolishes
the monarchythe monarchy Cromwell dissolves Cromwell dissolves
Parliament (April 1653)Parliament (April 1653) Cromwell divides Cromwell divides
country into 11 regionscountry into 11 regions Cromwell dies (1658)Cromwell dies (1658)
Restoration & Glorious RevolutionRestoration & Glorious Revolution Charles II (1660 – 1685)Charles II (1660 – 1685) Declaration of Indulgence (1672)Declaration of Indulgence (1672) Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans
could hold military and civil could hold military and civil officesoffices
James II (1685 – 1688)James II (1685 – 1688) Devout CatholicDevout Catholic Declaration of Indulgence Declaration of Indulgence
(1687)(1687) Protestant daughters: Mary Protestant daughters: Mary
and Anneand Anne Catholic son born in 1688Catholic son born in 1688 Parliament invites Mary and Parliament invites Mary and
her husband, William of her husband, William of Orange, to invade EnglandOrange, to invade England
James II, wife and son flee to James II, wife and son flee to FranceFrance
Mary and William of Orange Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689)offered throne (1689)
Bill of RightsBill of Rights The Toleration Act of 1689The Toleration Act of 1689
Responses to the RevolutionResponses to the Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) Leviathan (1651)Leviathan (1651) People form a commonwealthPeople form a commonwealth People have no right to rebelPeople have no right to rebel
John Locke (1632 – 1704)John Locke (1632 – 1704) Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and PropertyInalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property People and Sovereign form a governmentPeople and Sovereign form a government If government does not fulfill its duties, people If government does not fulfill its duties, people
have the right to revolthave the right to revolt