Source evaluationPlagiarismCiting and referencing

Third introduction week for master students 10.04.2019

Informatics LibraryViola Kuldvere: l.v.kuldvere@ub.uio.noTrude Westby: trude.westby@ub.uio.no

Academic writing

Mastertheses = scientific work

Subject – problem for discussion – method?

You’ll have to search for and use information and knowledge from literature, web pages or people – this information are your sources

You will need to go through and read a lot of information to ensure the best background knowledge of your subject/topic. You will have to gather information from different sources.

Source evaluation

Useful questions to ask:

Who evaluate the quality of what is written in a book?

Who evaluate the articles in a journal?

Who evaluate the information on internet?

Books are evaluated by… the author

the editor

referees

the publisher

the library that buys the book.

Articles are evaluated by… the author(s)

the editor

the publisher

several other expert scientist (peer review)

The journal itself will be evaluated by the library that subscribes on the journal

The open internet is evaluated…

only by you and the author(s).

Everyone can write whatever they want! And change it afterwards.

Fake news

Fake science www.ub.uio.no/english/writing-publishing/open-access/

Plagiarism

https://www.nrk.no/urix/fru-trump-talen_-_-patetisk-plagiat-1.13049327

Plagiarism – what is it?It is to use material made by others giving the impression that youmade it yourself. It includes all reuse of: Ideas Texts (quotations or rewritten) Data Photographies Graphs Other illustrations

Learn the rules of citing/referencingMake sure to cite your sources accurately!

Accurate referencing allows the reader to:

Identify and retrieve the sources you have used check your facts and verify your results become better acquainted with the topic identify your own paragraphs, ideas and conclusions

http://sokogskriv.no/en/sources-and-references/why-cite-sources/

Correct use of sources shows that you:

• acknowledge other scientists work

• have read literature about your topic

• are able to put your topic into a larger (academic) context

master the technique of naming sources

Clearly mark the source you quote

A text quotation must be marked by typographical means

◦ Separte paragraph (longer quoatations), ◦ Italic font◦ Quotation marks (””)

Academic integrity

Science – the seeking of truth Academic practise: openness, verifiability, critical

discussion and academic honesty «Standing on the shoulders of Giants» (Newton) Mention your source in the text and provide

complete information about the source in a reference list

Cheating is a violation of academic integrity

Cheating: http://www.uio.no/english/studies/admin/examinations/cheating/index.htmlSearch & Write: http://sokogskriv.no/en/

On your smartphone, please either

• locate and bookmark http://kahoot.it in yourbrowser or

• download the Kahoot-app from your app shop (Google play, App-store, ...)

• author: Shneiderman, B• article title: Direct Manipulation: a Step Beyond ...• journal title: IEEE Computer• volume: 16• no: 8• pages: 57-69• year: 1983

What type of document is this?

A journal article

1983. Shneiderman, B. ”Direct Manipulation: A Step BeyondProgramming Languages,” IEEE  Computer, 16, 8, 57—69.

... and these two ?

Journal articles.

1986. Jacob, R. J. K. ”A Specification Language for Direct ManipulationUser Interfaces,” ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5, 4, 283—31.

1987. Foley, J. D. ”Interfaces for Advanced  Computing,” Scientific American, 257, 4, 127—135. 

1992. Olsen, D. R. User Interface Management Systems: Models  and Algorithms.  San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

A book.

Books have year of publication, author, title, placeof publication and name of publisher in thereference.

What about this?

A chapter in a book.

The reference has two titles: the titel of the chapter inanother title (book).

Edited books also have the editor names (eds).

Page numbers of chapter is often included.

1986. Hutchins, E. L.  Hollan, J. D., and Norman, D. A. ”Direct   Manipulation Interfaces,” in User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human‐Computer Interaction (eds D. A. Norman and S. W. Draper), 87—124. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bolt, R.A. (1982). Eyes at the interface. Proceedings ofHuman Factors in Computing Systems. New York, ACM, 360‐362.

Conference paper.

Look for the word «proceedings» which is often a part of the reference.

When should you name your sources in your text?

…when you use quotes:

Bla bla bla. "When quoting directly, your reference should include the name of the author, year and page"(Furuseth and Everett, 1997, p. 141). Bla bla bla bla…

Or

Furuseth and Everett (1997, p. 141) write that: "When quoting directly, your reference should include the name of the author, year and page.“ Bla bla bla…

…when you paraphrase

… that is use indirect quotes (reformulate or summarize the original text)

Example

Furuseth and Everett (1997) claim that the most important reason why you should use source references and literature lists is an ideal that the research is a collective project. Your research should be re-examinable, and those who read your work should be able to find the sources you have used.

…when you refer to

ExamplesResearchers such as Warwick (1992), Alt and King (1994) and Warwick and Easton (1992) have defined ...

Taylor and Herman (1971), Sanders and Herman (1977) and King et al. (1990) find that ...

It is not necessary to name sources when writing about something that is publicly known and accepted.

Reference systems/Citation styles A citation should contain all the information about the original

source that is needed for it to be distinguished from other sources, and for it to be retrieved easily

Different subject fields use different citation styles. You are obliged to learn how to use the style that is accepted in your subject!

Check with your department about the preferred citation style!

Some commonly used styles: APA – American Psychological Association - mostly used in behavioural and

social science Harvard – used in several disciplines IEEE – used in the field of technology MLA – Modern Language Association – used in literature studies and

linguistics Oxford – used in history, law, theology and other fields where many

unpublished sources are used Vancouver – used above all in medicine and biomedicine

All citations/named sources have to be in the reference listExamples in APA Style:

Books Surname, Initials. (Year). Book title in italics (Edition – if available).

Place: Publisher.

Articles in journals Surname, Initials., & Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Title

of journal in italics, volume in italics, (edition), page.

Web pages Author/editor, Initials. (Year). Title in italics. Downloaded day,

month, year, from http:// ...

Can you tell the difference?

1) Fermann, G. (Editor). (1997). International politics of climate change: key issues and critical actors. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

2) Kwan, I., & Mapstone, J. (2004). Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 305-312.

Example of reference list in APA style:

Beizer, J. L., & Timiras, M. L. (1994). Pharmacology and drug management in the elderly. In P.S. Timirad (Editor), Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics. (2nd edition, pp. 279-284). Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Bick, J. (2000). 101 Thing You Need to Know about Internet Law. New York: Three Rivers Press. [Online]. Downloaded 30 March, 2004, from http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ntnu/.

Fermann, G. (Editor). (1997). International politics of climate change: keyissues and critical actors. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

Grosh, A., & Graff, J. (2004, 22 March). A strike at Europe’s heart. Time magazine, pp. 22-28.

Kwan, I., & Mapstone, J. (2004). Visibility aids for pedestrians and cyclists: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(3), 305-312.

How to take care of your references?

Write your references down in a correct format right from the start!

Use a reference tool like Endnote, Zotero, Reference manager…

ENDNOTE is a tool for correct citations in a manuscript and an aid for making reference-lists.

https://sokogskriv.no/en/

Et plagieringseventyrA plagiarism carol

(from University of Bergen)