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A corpus-‐based study of posi2onal varia2on in Seoul Korean vowels
Yoonjung Kang October 12, 2013
Japanese/Korean Linguis0cs Conference 23 MIT
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“A corpus-‐based study of Korean dialects: microvaria2on and language universals”
• Dr. Tae-‐jin Yoon (Cheongju University) • Dr. Sungwoo Han (Inha University) • The NaHonal InsHtute of the Korean Language (NIKL) • The Archive and Research Center for Korean Recordings
• UTSC Library Digital Scholarship Unit • The Social Science and Humani0es Research Council of Canada—Partnership Development Grant (# 890-‐2012-‐25)
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Structure of the talk
Part I. Overview & context Part II. PosiHonal asymmetry in Korean vowels
Part III. Methods Part IV. Age and gender-‐based variaHon Part V. PosiHonal variaHon
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Part I: Overview and Context
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Privileged posiHons in phonology
• Stressed vs. unstressed syllable • Word-‐iniHal vs. non-‐iniHal syllable • Root vs. affix • Onset vs. coda (Beckman 1998, Crosswhite 2004, Smith 2005, Barnes 2006, Walker 2011, etc.)
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Vowels in privileged posiHons
• Resist deleHon • Preserve contrast lost in other posiHons • Controls harmony
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Source of posiHon effect
• PhoneHc prominence – Stressed syllable (vs. Unstressed syllable) – Long vowel
• PsycholinguisHc prominence – Word-‐ini2al syllable – Root
(Smith 2005)
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Stressed vowels
• PhoneHcs of stressed vowels – Stressed vowels are longer; More likely to reach the arHculatory target
– Unstressed vowels are shorter; non-‐high vowels are raised, not reaching the arHculatory target
– ReducHon of vowel contrast in unstressed vowels (Lindblom 1963, Flemming 2004, 2005, Barnes 2006, Giavazzi 2010)
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IniHal syllables
• PsycholinguisHc grounding – Important in lexical access and retrieval – More important to maintain the contrast in iniHal than non-‐iniHal posiHon
(Smith 2005)
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PhoneHcs of vowels in iniHal syllables
• Domain-‐iniHal strengthening: duraHon and arHculatory strength (Fougeron 1999, Cho and Jun 2001, etc.)
• Effect limited mainly to segments in absolute iniHal posiHon
• Not as widely studied – Turkish: Vowels in IniHal syllables are longer than those in non-‐iniHal syllables (Barnes 2006)
– Creek: Vowels in iniHal syllables are more peripheral than vowels in final syllables (Johnson and MarHn 2003)
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PsycholinguisHc Prominence
PhoneHc Prominence
Phonological Prominence
?
? 11
Part II: PosiHonal asymmetry in Korean vowels
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Type I: resistance to contrast reducHon
• Vowel length contrast only in iniHal posiHon – /nun/ ‘eye’ /nu:n/ ‘snow’ – /k’ɑmɑk-‐nun/ ‘illiterate’ /hɑmpɑk-‐nun/ ‘large
snow flake’ – /mɑl/ ‘horse’ /mɑ:l/ ‘speech’ – /colɑŋ-‐mɑl/ ‘pony’ /pɑ:n-‐mɑl/ ‘talk down’
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Type I: resistance to contrast reducHon
• Two-‐step merger of /ɔ/ – /ɔ/ merges with /ɨ/ in non-‐ini2al syllable. (15th -‐16th century)
/hɑnɔl/ > /hɑnɨl/ ‘sky’ /nɑkɔnɑj/ > /nɑkɨne/ ‘wanderer’ /tɑlɔ-‐/ > /tɑlɨ-‐/ ‘different’
– /ɔ/ merges with /ɑ/ in ini2al syllable. (18th century) /pɔlɑm/ > /pɑlɑm/ ‘wind’ /tɔl/ > /tɑl/ ‘moon’ /hɔ-‐/ > /hɑ-‐/ ‘do’
• Older speakers of Jeju dialect sHll retain /ɔ/, only in word-‐ini2al posiHon.
/nɔmɔl/ > /nɔmʌl/ ‘vegetables’ (K.M. Lee 1972)
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• Merger of /ɛ/ with /e/ in central, southern, & Jeju dialects – /ɛ/ raises and merges with /e/. – The contrast is merged in non-‐ini2al syllables and is retained in ini2al syllables.
(Chung 2002, Dialect DicHonary 2001)
Type I: resistance to contrast reducHon
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Type I: resistance to contrast reducHon
• Raising of non-‐ini2al /o/ to /u/ (19th century~) – Lexically condiHoned
/nɑmo/ > /nɑmu/ ‘tree’ /ʌlkol/ > /ʌlkul/ ‘face’ /ocom/ > /ocum/ ‘urine’
Cf. /kɑlo/ > */kɑlu/ ‘width’
-‐ Lexical strata /kɑcok/ > /kɑcuk/ ‘leather’ (NaHve) /kɑcok/ > */kɑcuk/ ‘family’ (Sino-‐Korean)
(Chae 1995)
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Type II: controls harmony
• Vowel harmony in ideophones “dark”: ʌluk tʌluk (e,ʌ,u) D D D D “light”: ɑlok tɑlok (ɛ,ɑ,o) L L L L
• High vowels (i, ɨ): – “dark” in ini2al syllable
k’ɨcʌk, *k’ɨcɑk (“light”: k’ɛcɑk) D D *D L L L
– “neutral” in non-‐ini2al syllable tɑlkɨlɑk, tʌkɨkʌk L N L D N D
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Type II: controls harmony
• Vowel harmony in verbal suffixes – “dark” vowels (i,ɨ,u,e,ɛ,ʌ) take /-‐ʌ/: /mʌk-‐ʌ/ ‘eat’
D D – “light” vowels (o,ɑ) take /-‐ɑ/: /cop-‐ɑ/ ‘narrow’
L L • VariaHon in p-‐irregular verbs
– Monosyllabic p-‐irregular stems: /-‐ɑ/ is obligatory /top-‐a/ [tow-‐ɑ], *[tow-‐ʌ] ‘help’ L L *L D
– Polysyllabic p-‐irregular stems: /-‐ɑ/ ~ /-‐ʌ/ /sɛlop-‐a/ [sɛlow-‐ɑ] ~ [sɛlow-‐ʌ] ‘new’ L L L D (J.K. Kim 2000)
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QuesHons
• Are vowels in iniHal syllable phoneHcally special (in Korean)? – Longer duraHon? (See Tae-‐Jin Yoon’s presentaHon later today)
– Vowel quality difference? How? – If vowel quality is different, is it merely an epiphenomenon of longer duraHon?
– Is the posiHonal difference due to root-‐affix asymmetry?
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Part III: Methods
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The Reading-‐Style Speech Corpus of Standard Korean
• The NaHonal InsHtute of the Korean Language (2002) • 60 male, 60 female, Seoul-‐Kyeoungki area • Age/Year of Birth distribuHon
Age 20s 30s 40s 50s 60~70s
Male 20 20 (19) 20 20
Female 20 20 20 20 (19)
Year of Birth 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
Male 4 12 4 8 27 (26) 5
Female 2 10 (9) 25 3 11 9 21
Text # of sentences DuraHon (mv01) 1. 요람기 51 321.92 sec (5.37 min )
2. 소나기 87 240.12 sec (4.00 min )
3. 아름다움에 대하여 69 311.92 sec (5.20 min )
4. 방망이를 깎던 노인 62 275.50 sec (4.59 min )
5. 문학의 세계와 삶의 세계 47 321.01 sec (5.35 min )
6. 독서와 인생 54 294.97 sec (4.92 min )
7. 수난 이대 62 317.31 sec (5.29 min )
8. 메밀꽃 필 무렵 94 425.98 sec (7.10 min )
9. 토끼와 자라 60 185.27 sec (3.09 min )
10. 선녀와 나무꾼 73 295.03 sec (4.92 min )
11. 호랑이와 곶감 42 159.92 sec (2.67 min )
12. 해님 달님 28 124.10 sec (2.07 min )
13. 그리운 시내가 36 276.49 sec (4.61 min )
14. 광화문 지하도 아주머니 27 148.40 sec (2.47 min )
15. 막 지은 밥 17 106.36 sec (1.77 min )
16. 눈 오던 날 35 147.77 sec (2.46 min )
17. 숭늉의 지혜 19 95.00 sec (1.58 min )
18. 까만 눈동자들 앞에서 27 205.92 sec (3.43 min )
19. 내 고향 개울 물에서 40 163.34 sec (2.72 min )
Total 930 4416.40 sec (73.61 min ) From Yoon (2013) 22
Seoul Korean vowels
i ɨ u e ʌ o (ɛ) ɑ
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# of monophthongal vowels
• 9738 tokens per speaker
ɑ (ㅏ)
ɛ (ㅐ)
e (ㅔ)
ʌ (ㅓ)
ɨ (ㅡ)
i (ㅣ)
o (ㅗ)
u (ㅜ)
2540 421 427 1224 1555 1683 1165 724
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Korean phone-‐aligner
• Developed by Tae-‐Jin Yoon (cf. Yoon and Kang 2012, Yoon 2013)
• Given a sound file and its Korean transcripHon, the aligner provides a segmentaHon of the file into component phones.
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Formant measurements
• Linear PredicHve Coding (LPC) method, as implemented in Praat’s “To Formant (burg)” funcHon.
• To minimize the influence of local formant tracking errors, the average of the measurements from mid 20% of the vowel duraHon was used.
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LPC formant ceilings • In the LPC method, users define the number of formants to be tracked and the frequency range where those formants should be searched for.
• Adult male [ə] – 500Hz, 1500Hz, 2500Hz, 3500Hz, 4500Hz… – 5 formants under 5000 Hz
• Adult female [ə] – 583Hz, 1750Hz, 2916Hz, 4083Hz, 5250Hz… – 5 formants under 5500 Hz
→ Praat recommended default se�ngs But, there are vowel-‐specific and speaker-‐specific variaHons.
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OpHmizing formant ceilings
• Compare formant measurements based on many different formant ceiling se�ngs
• Choose the se�ng that minimizes variance for a given vowel for a given speaker. – Escudero et al. (2009, JASA: Portuguese dialect comparison)
– Yao et al. (2010, UCBerkley lab report: Buckeye Corpus),
– Labov et al. (2013, Language: Philadelphia Language VariaHon and Change Corpus)
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OpHmal formant ceilings
• At every 100 Hz interval in 4000~6500 Hz è 26 formant measurements per token • For each vowel for each speaker, pick the formant ceiling that minimizes the variance (=minimizes the measurement errors). – variance(20*log(F1)) + variance(20*log(F2))
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fv04: /i/ Ceiling: 6200 Hz
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DistribuHon of opHmal ceilings 4000
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aeeeoeui ou
fx07
33
Gender and Vowel-‐specific ceilings
• For each vowel for each gender, the mean ceiling values are used as the opHmal ceiling.
• This method – provides improvement in the accuracy of formant measurements compared to the fixed ceiling method but
– avoids the “bad majority” problems.
34
NormalizaHon
• Factor out inter-‐speaker variaHon due to physiological difference
• Lobanov – By-‐speaker z-‐score transformaHons for each F1 and F2
• Labov – RecalibraHon of formants (Hz) based on the by-‐speaker grand mean of F1 and F2.
• Below we report results that are consistent through both normalizaHon methods.
35
Part IV: Age and gender-‐based variaHon
36
3000 2500 2000 1500
1200
1000
800
600
400
By-speaker mean formants (Female)
F2.labov(Hz)
F1.labov(Hz)
a
e
i
o
u
ɛɨ
ʌ
3000 2500 2000 1500
1200
1000
800
600
400
By-speaker mean formants (Male)
F2.labov(Hz)
F1.labov(Hz)
a
e
i
o
u
ɛɨ
ʌ
37
Proportion of word−initial long and short vowels
i e ae a eu eo o u
long
short
Based on length specificaHon in Great Standard Korean dic0onary (h�p://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp) 38
Length contrast is lost in younger speakers’ speech.
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
-50
510
1520
25
Vowel duration contrast by speaker
Year of Birth
Est
imat
ed m
ean
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n lo
ng a
nd s
hort
vow
els
(ms)malefemale
39
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
/ɨ/ fronting
Year of Birth
F2.la
bov
(Hz)
femalemale
MORE FRONT
MORE BACK
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
1200
1400
1600
1800
/u/ fronting
Year of Birth
F2.la
bov
(Hz)
femalemale
MORE FRONT
MORE BACK
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
650
550
450
350
/ɛ/ raising
Year of Birth
F1.la
bov
(Hz)
femalemale
HIGHER
LOWER
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
650
550
450
350
/o/ raising
Year of Birth
F1.la
bov
(Hz)
femalemale
HIGHER
LOWER
40
/ɛ/ > /e/ raising & merger is complete for females and nearing the end for males.
No loss of contrast: chain shi�-‐like movement
41
600
580
560
540
520
500
Older Male
position
F1.labov(Hz)
initial medial final
eɛ
42
PosiHon effect visible in older male speakers’ /e/ ~ /ɛ/ distribuHon
Part IV: PosiHonal asymmetry
43
(1) DuraHon and vowel quality
44
Higher Lower
Non-‐high vowels raise when shorter.
High vowels remain stable.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190
Short vowel raising
iuɨoɛeʌa
45
More Front More Back 10
001500
2000
2500
3000
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190
Short vowels centralize
ieɛɨaʌuo
46
(2) PosiHon and vowel quality
47
PosiHon and Vowel quality
• How does posiHon affect vowel quality? – To avoid the vowel length contrast confound, only “short” vowels are included
– To avoid affix-‐root asymmetry counfound, only roots (nouns, verbs/adjecHves, adverbs) are included. (cf. Morphological analysis based on R library (koNLP))
48
600550500450400350
i
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
600550500450400350
ɨ
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
600550500450400350
u
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
650
600
550
500
450
e
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
650
600
550
500
450
ɛ
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
650
600
550
500
450
o
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
initialmedialfinal
1000
900
800
700
a
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
750
700
650
600
550
ʌ
duration(ms)
F1.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
49
PosiHon and F1
• Vowels in iniHal posiHon have more peripheral vowel targets; low vowels are lower and high vowels are higher.
• /o/ pa�erns like a high vowels. Maybe related to being part of the raising.
50
2400
2600
2800
3000
i
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
1400
1800
2200
ɨ
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
1000
1200
1400
1600
u
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 2002000
2200
2400
2600
e
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
initialmedialfinal
1000
1200
1400
o
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
1800
2200
2600
ɛ
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
1650
1750
1850
1950
ɑ
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 2001300
1500
1700
ʌ
duration(ms)
F2.labov(Hz)
30 60 90 120 160 200
51
PosiHon and F2
• F2: Vowels in iniHal posiHon have more peripheral vowel targets; back vowels are more back and front vowels are more front (less clear)
• Effect seems less pronounced. • /u/ pa�erns ambiguous; may be related to the fact that the vowel is in the move as part of the chain shi�.
• /ɨ/ pa�erns like a front vowel; may be related to the fact that the vowel is in the move as part of the chain shi�.
52
PosiHonal vs. duraHonal reducHon
• The pa�erns of reducHon are different. DuraHon PosiHonal
53
Summary
• We idenHfied a pa�ern of posiHonal effect on vowel quality, independent of duraHon and root-‐affix asymmetry. – DuraHon-‐based quality difference is due to arHculatory undershoot (vowel raising in short vowels),
– posiHon-‐based quality difference is speaker-‐controlled: more peripheral vowel targets for prominent posiHon and the targets interact with the direcHon of sound change.
54
Selected references Barnes, J. 2006. Strength and Weakness at the interface: Posi0onal neutraliza0on in Phone0cs and phonology. Crosswhite, K. 2004. Vowel reducHon. In Hayes et al. ed. Phone0cally-‐based phonology. Flemming, E. 2005. A phoneHcally-‐based model of phonological vowel reducHon. Johnson, Keith, and Jack B. Mar0n. 2001. AcousHc vowel reducHon in Creek: Effects of disHncHve length and posiHon in the word. PhoneHca 58:81-‐102. Kim, J. K. 2000. Quan0ty sensi0vity and feature sensi0vity of vowels: A constraint-‐based approach to Korean vowel phonology. PhD dissertaHon, Indiana University. Lee, K.-‐M. 1972. Kwuke umwunsa yenkwu (A study of the history of Korean phonemes). Seoul: Hankwuk Mwunhwa Yenkwuso. Smith, J. 2002. Phonological Augmenta0on in Prominent Posi0ons. PhD dissertaHon, University of Massachuse�s, Amherst. Walker, R. 2011. Vowel pa]erns in language. Cambridge University Press. Yoon, T.J. and Y.J. Kang 2012. A forced-‐alignment-‐based study of declaraHve sentence-‐ending ‘da’ in Korean. The Proceedings of 2012 Speech Prosody.
55