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Adjustable prediction-based reversible data hiding
Source:Authors:Reporter:Date:
Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp.941-953, 2012Chin-Feng Lee and Hsing-Ling ChenWan-Yu Lu2012/12/19
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Outline
• Introduction• Related work– Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme
• The proposed scheme – Embedding phase– Extraction and recovery phase
• Experimental results• Conclusions
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Introduction
• Data hiding is referred to as a process to hide some information data into cover media.
• The data hiding schemes can be generally classified into two categories:- Irreversible data hiding- Reversible data hiding
• Reversible data hiding schemes can be classified into two categories:- Difference expansion scheme (DE-based)- Histogram-based
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Introduction
Embedding
Cover image Stego-image
Extraction
Secret message
Secret message
Reversible data hiding
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38 30 33 0
121 76 79 39
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (1/10)
• Pre-processing:
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38 30 33 0
121 76 79 39
136 255 165 0
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38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
L K Left-side scan sequence Right-side scan sequence
5 1 011 1Overhead
[27] H.W. Tseng, C.P. Hsieh, Prediction-based reversible data hiding, Information Sciences 179 (2009) 2460–2469
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121 76 79 39
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (2/10)
• Pixel value prediction:
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121 76 79 39
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Cover image
2/ : 3 case2/ : 2 case
2/ : 1 case
TTdTTdTTdT
312/)3824()2,2(ˆ p
30)2,2( p
1) ,() ,(ˆ yxpyxpd
Embed
T=2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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32 24 40 1
38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (3/10)
• Embedding - Case 1 :
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38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165
Cover image
312/)3824()2,2(ˆ30)3,2(
pp
1) ,() ,(ˆ yxpyxpd
T=2
Td T/2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
29 0 1 2 31 ) , (' y x p
28 1 1 2 31 ) , (' y x p
W=0
W=1
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32 24 40 1
38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (4/10)
• Embedding - Case 2 :
Cover image
T=2
2/TTdT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
33)3 ,2( p
352/)3040(3) ,2(ˆ p23335)3 ,2( d
341332/)3 ,2(' Tpp
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32 24 40 1
38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (5/10)
• Embedding - Case 3 :
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38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
Cover image
T=2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2/TTd
1)4 ,2( p
172/)331(4) ,2(ˆ p
16117)4 ,2( d
0112/)2 ,2(' Tpp
10
32 24 40 1
38 29 34 0
121 78 80 38
136 255 163 0
Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (6/10)
• Extracting:
Watermarked image
T=2
---------------------------------------------------------------------
) ,(') ,('ˆ' yxpyxpd
Td
TdTTdT
2' : 3 case'2/ : 2 case
2' : 1 case
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (7/10)
• Extracting - Case 1 : TdT 2'
29)2 ,2(' p 312/)3824(2) ,2('ˆ p
30131)2 ,2( p
02/'2' ddW
32 24 40 1
38 29 34 0
121 78 80 38
136 255 163 0
Watermarked image
T=2
22931)2 ,2(' d
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (8/10)
• Extracting - Case 2 : TdT '2/
32 24 40 1
38 30 34 0
121 78 80 38
136 255 163 0
Watermarked image
T=2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
34)3 ,2(' p
352/)3040(3) ,2('ˆ p
13435)3 ,2(' d
33134)3 ,2( p
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (9/10)
• Extracting - Case 3 : Td 2'
32 24 40 1
38 30 33 0
121 78 80 38
136 255 163 0
Watermarked image
T=2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
0)4 ,2(' p
172/)331(4) ,2('ˆ p
17017)4 ,2(' d
1102/')4 ,2( Tpp
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Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (10/10) • Post-processing :
32 24 40 1
38 30 33 1
121 76 79 39
136 254 165 1
Watermarked image
T=2
32 24 40 1
38 30 33 0
121 76 79 39
136 255 165 0
L K Left-side scan sequence Right-side scan sequence
5 1 011 1Overhead
32 24 40 1
38 30 33 0
121 76 79 39
136 255 165 0
Cover image
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The proposed scheme(1/11)
100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 0
• Related work v.s Proposed scheme :
Tseng and Hsieh’s scheme
100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 0
Proposed scheme
Prediction value (P) = (102 + 99)/2 = 100
1014/)ˆˆˆˆ(),(ˆ DRDLURUL IIIIyxI
1032/))1,(),1((),(ˆ
1002/))1,(),1((),(ˆ1032/))1,(),1((),(ˆ1002/))1,(),1((),(ˆ
yxIyxIyxI
yxIyxIyxI
yxIyxIyxI
yxIyxIyxI
DR
DL
UR
UL
--------------------------------------------------------------
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100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 00
The proposed scheme(2/11)
• Pre-processing:
Cover image
100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 1
Cover image
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The proposed scheme(3/11)
• Embedding phase:
100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 1
Cover image
0101101101)2,2(ˆ101)2,2(
dI
I
T=0S=1
102102101)2,2('ˆ I
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rule 1: d T≦
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The proposed scheme(4/11)
• Embedding phase:
100 102 101
99 102 105
103 102 1
Cover image
297610576)2,2(ˆ105)3,2(
dI
I
1T
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
10610105)3,2('ˆ I
T=0S=1
Rule 2: d > T
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The proposed scheme(5/11)
• Embedding phase:
100 102 101
99 102 106
103 102 1
Cover image
267610276)2,3(ˆ102)2,3(
dI
I
1T
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
103)10(102)2,3('ˆ I
T=0S=1
Rule 2: d > T
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The proposed scheme(6/11)
• Embedding phase:
100 102 101
99 102 106
103 103 1
Cover image
1031041104)3,3(ˆ1)3,3(
dI
I
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
0)10(1)2,3('ˆ IT=0S=1
1T
Rule 2: d > T
0
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The proposed scheme(7/11)
• Extraction and recovery phase:
100 102 101
99 102 106
103 103 0
Stego-image
1041040'104)3,3('ˆ0)3,3('
dI
I
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1)10(0)2,3( I
T=0
Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1
1T
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The proposed scheme(8/11)
• Extraction and recovery phase :
100 102 101
99 102 106
103 103 1
Stego-image
3076106'76)2,3('ˆ103)2,3('
dI
I
1T
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
102)10(103)2,3( I
T=0
Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1
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The proposed scheme(9/11)
• Extraction and recovery phase :
100 102 101
99 102 106
103 102 1
Stego-image
3076106'76)2,2('ˆ106)3,2('
dI
I
1T
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
105)10(106)3,2( I
T=0
Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1
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The proposed scheme(10/11)
• Extraction and recovery phase :
100 102 101
99 102 105
103 102 1
Stego-image
1101102'101)2,2('ˆ102)2,2('
dI
I
T=0 1010101)2,2( I
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rule 1: d’ 2 x T + 1≦
12mod' ds
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100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 01
The proposed scheme(11/11)
• Post-processing:
Stego-image
100 102 101
99 101 105
103 102 0
Cover image
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Experimental results (1/14)
Amount of overhead information associated with different thresholds
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Experimental results (2/14)
Embedding rate versus image quality of all tested images with various thresholds.
Embedding rate
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Experimental results (3/14)
Embedding rate versus image quality of all tested images with various thresholds.
Image quality
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Experimental results (4/14)
Histograms of prediction-errors for test images “Lena” and “Baboon” obtained using Tseng and Hsieh’s scheme (T = 5).
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Experimental results (5/14)
Histograms of prediction-errors for test images “Lena” and “Baboon” obtained using the proposed scheme (T = 5).
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Experimental results (6/14)
37.15 dB and 0.99 bpp
30.78 dB and 0.71 bpp
48.6 dB and 0.2 bpp
47.9 dB and 0.06 bpp
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• Comparisons of embedding rates (bpp) of proposed scheme and that of Tseng and Hsieh.
Experimental results (7/14)
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• Comparisons of image quality (dB) of Tseng and Hsieh’s and the proposed schemes with the same embedding capacity.
Experimental results (8/14)
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Experimental results (9/14)
Comparisons of embedding rates (bpp) of proposed scheme and that of Tseng and Hsieh at difference thresholds.
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Experimental results (10/14)
Comparisons of image quality (dB) of Tseng and Hsieh’s and the proposed schemes with the same embedding capacity.
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Experimental results (11/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other
schemes for test images: (a) Lena
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Experimental results (12/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other
schemes for test images: (b) F16
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Experimental results (13/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other
schemes for test images: (c) Baboon
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Experimental results (14/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other
schemes for test images: (d) Boats
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Conclusions
• Flexibility and scalability.- A lower threshold yields a higher visual stego-image quality.- A higher threshold yields a higher embedding rate.
• To solve underflow and overflow.
• To Increase the embedding rate and reduce image distortion.
Thanks for your attention !