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Lesson 3 IntroductionLiterature Review
Kansai University, Spring 2011
Review Academic Paper
Abstract
Body Introduction
Introductory Paragraph Literature Review Study Overview or Concluding Paragraph
Methods Results Discussion Conclusion
References
Introduction The introduction has three main parts
Introductory paragraph (Homework on Google Docs)
Literature review Explains what other studies have shown Describes what your work will do that other
studies have not done Study overview or concluding paragraph
States your hypothesis Explain the methods you used in your
research
Sample Introductory Paragraph(1)
Bolivia is a developing country in Latin America with many complicated problems. The problems in education are particularly serious and in need of urgent solutions (Ministerio de Education Bolivia, 2004). Since 2003, the Lesson Study Program was introduced to improve lessons and the ability of teachers to provide instruction. The purpose of the Lesson Study Program is defined as follows, the improvement of the class, the formation of the professional ability of the teacher, and the development of the academic study on class (Yoshizaki, 1997). The result of the Lesson Study Program is reported in developing countries, for example Zambia, Honduras and Myanmar by many researchers (Nishihara, Sawamura 2001, Baba, Nakai 2009 etc.).
Sample Introductory Paragraph (2)
However, the program had some of problems, such as difficulty in the formation of relationship of teachers, persistence to retain the traditional teacher culture and teacher's resistance to the challenges of the program due to characteristics in the culture of Bolivian teachers. This paper will describe the characteristics of the culture of teachers, investigate the process of the internal and external transformation of teachers, review some of the problems that occurred and examine the future of the Lesson Study Program in Bolivia.
Purpose of a Literature Review
Purpose of a literature review To show why your research topic is important To provide information about topics related to
your research Review sources or references Cite or state what experts say Provide statistics or data
To analyze the information to show whether it supports or does not support your research
To give an overview of theories or data that shows the need for your research
Literature Review Activity(1)
What is the main topic? Bert sensei and Mary sensei are looking for a restaurant.
What is the purpose? The purpose is to celebrate their 20th wedding anniversary and Mary sensei’s birthday.
Why was this topic selected? Find a restaurant to help Bert sensei. He has a difficult time finding a place to go.
Literature Review Activity(2)
What are important relevant facts? Meals must cost less than 8,000 yen for two people. Bert sensei likes to eat meat. Mary sensei likes seafood.
What are the problems or issues? They live in Kobe and their last bus leaves JR Rokkomichi at 10:30 pm.
Introduce the problem. The purpose of this research is to find a restaurant for Bert sensei and Mary sensei.
Discussion Activity
Find a restaurant for Bert sensei and Mary sensei
Time = 20 minutes
What are resources? Academic Journal articles News or magazine articles Government or NGO publications Books Online references
Blogs Video Web sites (Homepages)
Personal communications
Finding Resources (1)
Your literature review finds resources that
1) Explain why your topic is important.2) Give background information
related to your topic. 3) Explain important trends and
explain why it is important.4) State what experts say about your
area of research.5) Examine prior or current research
or projects that are similar to yours.
Finding Resources (2)
6) Find literature that may contradict or go against what you plan to show or do. a) Point out methods that may have
caused the limitations of the projects
b) Point out how the literature does not examine what your research will show
7) Finds literature or other research that supports your hypothesis.
8) Provides data or statistics that supports what you will do.
Some Words to Use in a Literature Review
According to ________
______ (2010) (states/found that/discovered that) _____
In a research article by _____ (2009)
The results of this study supports ____
Current research shows that _______
One limitation of the study is _____
Kubota and Kurokawa (2008) examined ___
_________ (2007) conducted a study ______
Concluding Paragraph The concluding paragraph or study
overview Summarizes the main finding of your
literature review Describe what you want to do for your
research.
Homework Find three sources of information that
relate to your research topic.
Write one to three paragraphs to summarize the information.
Write a concluding paragraph that summarizes your literature review.
Add this to your Google Doc below the introductory paragraph that you wrote last week.
List your three sources below your writing. Write down information to find it again.
Question and Answers