Post on 11-May-2015
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Satoshi Konishi
Institute for Sustainability Science,
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Aug.12-13, 2011
Advanced energy technology for
sustainable development - Analysis of energy for sustainability-
Summer School AACIMP-2011
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Fusion Electricity
Energy generated by fusion reaction
Energy converted to heat and fuel
Fusion reactor
Fusion fuel
Fuel cycle
Power train
breeding
deuterium
tritium
neutron
lithium
neutron tritium
Electricity
Coolant
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
6.Fuel production
・Carbon-free fuels required - Exhausting fossil resources - Global warming and CO2 emission ・Future fuel use - Fuel cells , automobile - aircrafts, ships ・Dispersed electricity system - Cogeneration - Fuel cell, - micro gas turbine (could be other synthetic fuels)
Why fuels?
Aircraft
Automobile
2100 0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 Year
Electricity Solid Fuel Liquid Fuel Gaseous Fuel
Ene
rgy
dem
and(
GT
OE
)
Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a
Market 3 times larger than electricity
Substitute fewer than electricity source
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Future Energy System
・Electricity and Synthetic fuels mutually converted
- Resources required for raw material and energy
- Substitution and competition
Heat
H 2
CH 4
MeOH
Syn.
fuels
Water
Fossil
resources
grid
transport
Utility gas
Cogene-
ration
chemical
CO2
sequestration
Electrolysis
Reforming
Shift
Reaction
Renewables
Biomass
Indepenent
power
Electricity
Fuel cell
Raw material
Nuclear
Energy Conversion
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Fuel Production from biomass
cellulose:(C6H10O5)n/6+ n/6H2O → nH2 + nCO – 136n [kJ]
lignin: (CH1.4O0.3)n + 0.7nH2O → 1.4nH2 + nCO –136n[kJ]
Biomass
(1kg) + H2O
External Heat,900℃
H2,CO
2H2 + CO → -CH2- + H2O + 160 [kJ]
Fischer-Tropsch reaction
CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2 + 32 [kJ] Shift Reaction
hydrogen
alcane Carbon free OIL
(0.5 litter)
endothermic
Waste heat
Carbon Neutral
8.2MJ
15.6MJ
24.2MJ
Waste /usable
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
16MJ
8.1MJ
Heat for
generation
(CH1-2O0-1)n
external heat
8.2MJ
1kg
53mol
H2O H2:0.138kg,69mol
CO:0.38kg,14mol
CO2:0.74kg,17mol
CH4:0.009kg,0.56mol
H2O:0.76kg,42mol
CO2:0.13kg、3mol
CH4:0.009kg,0.56mol
-CH2-:0.39kg,28mol 15.6MJ
21MJ
8.1MJ
Waste 0.40kg
0.4MJ
1.0MJ
24.2MJ 4MJ loss
Gas product
Heat loss or
generation
Carbon free oil 0.5 liter
Cellulose, lignin
FT synthesis
Chemical reactor
Biomass 1kg
Biomass conversion to fuel
Fusion energy used for
conversion
Energy comes from
waste biomass
diesel(hydrocarbon)
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Conver
sion[%
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature[℃]
No Cat.
Ni
Co
CH4
CO2
CO
Gasification of Cellulose
>95% carbon was converted to fuel gases
(H2, CO and CH4) with Ni catalyst.
experiments
CH4
CO2
CO
Thermochemical equilibrium
This conversion efficiency is practical level.
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Gasification of Cellulose
Cellulose as a representative of waste biomass
(garbage, paper, wood, straw…)
Simple experiment can prove this reaction.
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
biomass steam
Liquid metal
Concept of the reactor
Diameter:~3.5m
Reactor tube:29500
Liquid metal path 900℃
Gas product
Fusion
reactor
cellulose rignin
Reaction heat(kJ)
0.29 0.41
Reaction time(s)
60 60
Assumed biamass:6Mton/year
(cellulose 70%,lignin 30%)
10m
Biomass/product path path
Concept of the biomass reactor International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
High temperature reactor>900゜C
SiC module
Installed in 900 ゜ C vessel
IHX heat transfer from LiPb to He
Loop operated >900 ゜ C
Only in the test vessel
ヒーティングコイル
アルミナ管
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Use of Fusion Energy
generation Heat
Efficient
generation
Industries
HEAT
Fusion Plant
SynFUEL
heat
desalination
Domestic use
Neutron
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Biomass and Fusion
Fusion Plant
heat
1GW electricity equivalent Reactor
2120 t/h
Biomass (waste, urban and agricultural)
steam(640 t/h)
(18Mton/year⇔ Current Japanese burnable Garbage 60Mton/year)
Hydrogen 280 t/h
Fuel Cell Vehicle 1.1M/day* feeds 17M/year1700**
* 6kg/day.vehicle ** 460g/year.vehicle
Fusion energy can be converted to hydrogen, and fuels.
Free from Carnot’s
Efficiency limit.
Biomass converted to fuels by endothermic reaction.
(C6H10O5)n+ nH2O → 6nH2 + 6nCO – 816n [kJ]
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Nuclear heat
Energy Conversion efficiency
Thermal cycle
Loss (40~70%~30C)
Electricity
generation hydrogen
Electrolysis
Loss
Nuclear heat IS process hydrogen
Chemical cycle
Loss(50%~120C)
water
Nuclear heat Biomass
gasification Hydrogen+CO
water
Biomass
(with enthalpy)
Chemical cycle
Loss(30%~300C) FT oil Electricity
generation
water
~30%
~50%
~270%
~200% ~20%
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2
CO2:90kg/s
CH4:1.5kg/s
biomass
63kg/s
Preheat
water
28kg/s
residue
10kg/s
Gas separator
H2
9.0kg/s
water
25kg/s
Shift reactor
Fusion reactor:500MW
Hydrogen
Liquid fuel
gas
H2
CO
CO2
CH4
5.3kg/s
39kg/s
29kg/s
1.5kg/s
300℃
Heat exchange
reactor
Carbon free heat source
No thermal cycle
used.
No waste heat
Discarded.
Biomass conversion power plant International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
Biomass-Fusion Hybrid plant
HER: Heat exchanger reactor
SEG: Steam-electric generator
FTR: Fischer-Tropsche reactor
FST: Fuel Storage Tank
material flow
money flow
Electrical energy flow
Thermal energy flow
Landfill cost
Biomass
supply
Product fuel
price
Reactor cost
Thermal energy to reactor
300[MW/sec]
Electricity
5700ton/day
Kyoto×4
First generation
FUSION plant can
Supply fuel to the
market with
competitive price.
Fuel is used for
generators in microgrids.
Fusion
Diesel fuel
1620kl/day
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Why waste biomass?
Large amount of biomass is discarded - burnable garbage - agricultural byproduct - woods - (plastics)
Combustion Landfill
CO2 emission
replacing fossil reduces CO2 emission
Conversion to Fuel
External Energy Source
use
Reduction of fossil
consumption
(regarded
as neutral)
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Garbage Woody
Biomass
Agriculture Forestry
Cost(JPY/L) -51.6 -42.66 44.16 50.1
Biomass production(t/year) 7,746,000 267,000 1,195,000 446,000
Diesel Product(kL/year) 2,045,000 114,000 487,000 191,000S
Required energy(MW) 941 61 263 101
Fusion energy efficiency 2.90 2.51 2.47 2.51
Total energy efficiency 0.70 0.64 0.65 0.63
・fusion energy efficiency=product diesel chemical energy/fusion heat
・total energy efficiency= product diesel chemical energy/consumed energy
Case Study Summary International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
garbage agriculture forestry Woody
waste
Waste total(t/year) 38,067,000 14,650, 000 2,068, 000 1,497, 000
Diesel production
(kL/year)
8,992, 000 4,819, 000 714, 000 517, 000
aircrafts kerosene diesel
Oil demand
(kL/year)
5,324,600 (24,382,000) 36,323,000
Diesel total:15,000,000kL/year
Transport demand:42,000,000kL/year
・36% demand can be supplied
Replace fossil with carbon free fuel to recuce
CO2 emission
National Total International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
・battery cost 32¥/kWh
・to run vehicles, using electricity to convert biomass to
diesel could be cheaper than Evs.
Electric vehicle
Running distance[km] 200 Battery capacity[kWh] 24 Battery cost[104¥/kWh] 10 Battery livce[104km] 10
Biomass diesel cost starting
from-1.8[¥/km]
Dielsel milage
15km/L
-5
5
15
25
35
0 10 20 30 40Ru
nn
ing
co
st[
¥/k
m]
Cost of electricity[¥/kWh]
Based on
Kyoto area
diesel
EV
Biomass diesel
Electricity price(8.2¥/kWh)
Cost of running vehicles International Symposium on Global Sustainability
Institute of Sustainable Science
• Fuel production from biomass has larger market than
electricity.
• Substituting Oil contributes CO2 reduction
• As renewable, fuel production is more important than
electricity.
• Biomass-Fusion Hybrid will give a good chance for
Hybrid Device smaller than ITER and easier.
• Advanced fission or renewable electricity can be
used for biofuel production.
• Utilizing waste biomass promote material recycle and
improve green industry.
Summary of biomass fuel
Biomass can respond to global environment
and resource problem in the near future!
International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science
Fusion Plant
Desalination Of seawater
Grid electricity HEAT
HYDROGEN
RECYCLE WASTE
Future world with fusion hydrogen
TRANSPORT FUEL
AIRCRAFT
VEHICLE
FUEL Independent Electricity
Fusion Plant
Desalination Plant
Farming factory
electricity
HYDROGEN
houses Transport
Heat
Future world with fusion hydrogen
Edo era.
Poor but sustainable with controlled energy supply.