transcript
- Slide 1
- Aflatoxin Contamination: Occurrence and Management Thomas
Isakeit Cooperative Extension, The Texas A&M University
System
- Slide 2
- AFLATOXINS: WHAT ARE THEY? - TOXIC CHEMICALS PRODUCED BY FUNGI
(Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) GROWING IN CROPS - CAUSE
DISEASE IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS (MYCOTOXICOSIS) - MAY BE PRODUCED IN
THE FIELD OR AFTER HARVEST - AFFECT MANY TYPES OF CROPS
- Slide 3
- TYPES OF AFLATOXINS STRUCTURE OF B 1, THE MOST POTENT
AFLATOXIN, SPECIFICALLY REGULATED IN SOME COUNTRIES ALSO: B 2, G 1
AND G 2 M 1 AND M 2 IN MILK: SPECIFICALLY REGULATED
- Slide 4
- AFLATOXIN TOXICITY - HUMANS HEPATIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL INJURY
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TERATOGENIC ONCOGENIC SEVERE LIVER INJURY,
SOMETIMES FATAL (2-6 MG/DAY FOR A MONTH)
- Slide 5
- AFLATOXIN TOXICITY - ANIMALS LUNG LESIONS IN A PIG POISONED BY
AFLATOXIN VARIOUS SYMPTOMS: FROM REDUCED GAIN TO DEATH VARYING
SENSITIVITY AMONG SPECIES
- Slide 6
- AFLATOXIN POISONING FROM CORN RECENT CASES TEXAS, 1998: 25 DOGS
DIED 100-200 PPB, FULL DIET FOR 90 DAYS KENYA, 2004: 125 PEOPLE
DIED, 192 POISONED DAMP STORAGE OF CORN, UP TO 8,000 PPB
- Slide 7
- LOSS FROM AFLATOXIN IN TEXAS CORN IN 1998 YIELD LOSS FROM
DROUGHT PRICE DROP ($2.20/BU vs. $2.80) $407 MILLION VALUE W/O
TOXIN 18 31% CROP CONTAMINATION TOXIN VALUE: $1.30 - $1.40 / BU $17
- $40 MILLION LOSS
- Slide 8
- HISTORY IN TEXAS AFLATOXIN? LOSING TURKEYS: I CUT THEM OPEN
AFTER THEY DIE AND FIND A BIG LIGHT COLLORD LIVER; THE GIZZARD IS
ENLARGED, ALSO THE GALL IS TWICE AS LARGE AS SHOULD BE. - LETTER TO
FARM AND RANCH, MAY 19, 1917 FROM VAN ZANDT COUNTY, TX
- Slide 9
- HISTORY IN TEXAS J.J. Taubenhaus documents A. flavus as a
pathogen
- Slide 10
- A. FLAVUS IS A WEAK PATHOGEN THAT DOES NOT ALWAYS PRODUCE
SYMPTOMS ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT PHOTO: G. ODVODY
- Slide 11
- CONSEQUENTLY, AFLATOXIN DETECTION REQUIRES A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
EXTRACTION PURIFICATIONANALYSIS DETECTION IS DIFFICULT!
- Slide 12
- SAMPLING IS MORE DIFFICULT! CONTAMINATION IS NOT UNIFORM: -
WITHIN A REGION - WITHIN A FIELD - ON A PLANT - WITHIN AN EAR -
WITHIN A SEED
- Slide 13
- AFLATOXIN DISTRIBUTION IN TEXAS 2002 CORN ACREAGE 2003
CONTAMINATION
- Slide 14
- COMPILED BY: OFFICE OF THE TEXAS STATE CHEMIST
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- AFLATOXIN IN AN EAR OF CORN PHOTO: G. SCHUSTER CONCENTRATIONS
ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH KERNEL
- Slide 17
- WHERE AFLATOXIN OCCURS IN A CORN SEED (SHOWN IN RED) PHOTO: N.
KELLER AS SHOWN BY THE RED COLOR MUTANT, AFLATOXIN IS FOUND IN THE
ALEURONE
- Slide 18
- A SMALL PROPORTION OF CORN IS HIGHLY CONTAMINATED: 1 KERNEL
WITH 400,000 PPB WILL MAKE A 10-LB SAMPLE MEASURE 26 PPB
- Slide 19
- WHERE DOES THE FUNGUS COME FROM? Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3.
Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity.
Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content..
Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season
hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and
maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full
season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and
aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between
aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between
husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. airborne
infective spores survival in soil MODIFIED FROM: WICKLOW, 1983, SO.
COOP. SER. BUL. 279 BROWN & BROTZMAN, 1979, U. OF MO.
- Slide 20
- SCLEROTIA OF A. FLAVUS DETAIL: RED BAR IS APPROX. 1 MM
- Slide 21
- HOW THE FUNGUS ENTERS THE EAR Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3.
Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity.
Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content..
Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season
hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and
maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full
season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and
aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between
aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between
husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. SPORES
FALLING INTO WOUNDS CAUSED BY INSECTS (E.G. CORN EARWORM AND
SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER), OR CARRIED ON THEM CAN GROW DOWN SILKS
(NO WOUNDING NECESSARY), SHORTLY AFTER POLLINATION
- Slide 22
- HOW THE FUNGUS ENTERS THE SEED Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3.
Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity.
Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content..
Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season
hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and
maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full
season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and
aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between
aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between
husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship
between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of
early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship
between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. A WOUND IS
USUALLY NEEDED
- Slide 23
- SILK CUT STRESS-RELATED LOSS OF KERNEL INTEGRITY PHOTO: G.
ODVODY
- Slide 24
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS FOR CONTAMINATION Figure 3. Aflatoxin
content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4.
Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk
cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6.
Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content.. Figure 3.
Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and maturity.
Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full season hybrids
Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and aflatoxin content..
Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early, intemediate and full season
hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between aflatoxin content and
maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early, intemediate and full
season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between husk cover and
aflatoxin content.. Figure 3. Aflatoxin content of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 4. Relationship between
aflatoxin content and maturity. Figure 5. Husk cover of early,
intemediate and full season hybrids Figure 6. Relationship between
husk cover and aflatoxin content.. DROUGHT HIGH TEMPERATURES AT
FLOWERING INSECT INJURY STRESS ON PLANT + INCREASE IN PATHOGEN
REPRODUCTION
- Slide 25
- FACTORS AFFECTING AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION ACTIVITY DOES NOT START
UNTIL KERNEL MOISTURE