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Assessment of Feed Intervention in Lemu Bilbilo District, Arsi Highlands, Ethiopia
by
M. Yami, T. T.haimanot, E. Lemma, B. Begna and T. EtanaKulumsa Agricultural Research Center
EIAR
Africa-RISING Quick Feed Project Synthesis Workshop, Addis Ababa, 3-4 September 2012
2
Site Description
A survey was conducted in Lemu- Bilibilo district, located in Arsi zone, Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia.
Lemu-Bilbilo district is located about 235 km South - East of the capital Addis Ababa on the highway towards Bale zone
The area receives an annual rainfall of around 1100mm, of which more than 85% is during the main rainy season (June to November).
And the average annual temperature ranges from 6 to 26C.
3
Criteria for Site Selection
Lemu-Bilbilo was purposively selected based on its dairy
potential in consultation with District Agricultural Experts
Bekoji Negesso kebele was selected from 27 kebeles in the
district based on:
accessibility
dairy production potential
4
FEAST
Objectives
To gain an understanding of the overall farming and livestock production systems, and
To identify key areas of the feeding strategy that could improve livestock productivity
Characterization of the Farming and Livestock Production Systems and the Potential of Feed-based Interventions for
Enhancing Productivity through Improved Feeding in Lemu-Bilbilo District, Arsi Highlands, Ethiopia
5
Three villages (Cheffa, Mirti laman and Tulu-Negeso) were randomly selected from the Bekoji Negeso PA
A total of 36 farmers were purposively selected on the basis of SLF
results from the villages
And the selected farmers were categorized into three groups; above average, average and below average.
Then, 9 farmers each from the above average and 9 the below average were selected for individual interviews using semi-structured questionnaires.
Methodology
Overview of the farming system Contribution of household income
(a) (b)
Cash
crop
Food
cro
p
Dairin
g
Fatte
ning
of s
heep
and
goa
t
Fatte
ning
of c
attle
Poul
try (E
gg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
perc
enta
ge o
f in
com
e c
ontr
ibuti
ons
Cash
crop
Food
cro
p
Dairin
g
Fatte
ning
of s
heep
and
goa
t
Fatte
ning
of c
attle
Poul
try (E
gg a
nd m
eat)
Remitt
ance
Offarm
inco
me
Non-fa
rm in
com
e
Sale
s of
equ
ilapt
us tr
ee0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Perc
enta
ge o
f in
com
e c
ontr
ibuti
ons
Livestock production system
(a) (b)
Fattening and
draught cattle
Local Dairy Cattle
Improved Dairy cattle
Horse Sheep0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Fattening and
draught cattle
Improved Dairy cattle
Horse Sheep Local Dairy Cattle
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Feeds and feeding: Seasonality (a) Both roups
Janu
ary
Febr
uary
March
April
May
June
July
Augus
t
Sept
embe
r
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Concentrates Crop residues Grazing
Green forage Legume residues Others
Rainfall Pattern
Availablity
a. Above averagesb. Below averages
Crop residues
25%
Cultivated fodder12%
Grazing48%
Naturally occurring and col-lected
9%
Purchased5%
Crop residues
23%
Cultivated fodder12%
Grazing33%
Naturally occurring and col-lected12%
Purchased20%
Feeds Quality – Dry Matter
Feeds Quality – Metaboilze Energy
a. Above averages b. Below averages
Crop residues
20%
Culti-vated fodder14%
Grazing49%
Naturally occur-
ring and collected
10%
Purchased7%
Crop residues
17%Cultivated
fodder14%
Grazing32%Naturally
occurring and col-lected13%
Purchased24%
Feeds Quality – Crude Protein
a. Above averages b. Below averages
Crop residues15%
Cultivated fodder17%
Grazing42%
Naturally occurring and col-lected10% Purchased
16%
Crop residues12%
Cultivated fodder15%
Grazing25%
Naturally occurring and col-lected13%
Purchased35%
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Problems and constraints
Problems in order of importance Problem identified by farmers
in both groupsProposed solution by farmers in both groups
1 Feed shortage Improved forage development and decrease livestock number
2 Lack of water Natural water resource development and installation of tap water
3 Lack of credit/cash Increase accessibility to credit service
4 Shortage of VET. and AI. service Training of farmers in AI service and increase number of vet. Technicians.
5 Awareness and communication gap (in below average group only)
Frequent capacity building training on general welfares of livelihood, create close communication habit with livestock production experts through training
Opportunities
• Opportunities that contribute to the improvement of the sector do exist in the area. These opportunities are:
Accessibility of all-weather road in the district as well to the PA
Good agro-ecology with favorable climate The emphasis given to livestock production by the
government The existence of high demand for livestock products due to
population pressure The possibility to obtain more benefits on smaller plots of
land
Areas of intervention
o Awareness creation trainings on: the utilization of improved technologies (improved forages
and feeding techniques) particularly to the farmers in the below average group.
how to get credit, about the repayment periods and amount of credit offered.
o Accessessing the farmers with credit or cash with reasonable amount or loan repayment periods
o Assigning numbers of well-trained effective AI and Vet technicians at the reasonable sites in the district.
o Development of herbaceous forage legumes and fodder trees species which can mitigate the constraints of feed scarcity.
Prioritization of Feed Technologies using TechFit
Background Shortage and poor quality of feed is the major constraint.
National and international research programs in the past have generated a range of improved forage and feed technologies.
One of the reasons for lack of adoption could be absence of
means of selecting feed technologies fit to a specific location.
Objective: To rank and prioritize suitable feed technologies for Bekoji Negeso kebele of Lemu-Bilbilo Wereda using tech fit.
Methodology
Pre-filter of technologies • context relevance and impact potential scores (to
screen technologies that are not fit to the area. Main filter of technologies – Based on
• Technology attributes scores (1-5) by experts.• Context attributes scores (1-5) by farmers.• Scope for improvement
Cost benefit analysis Comparison of estimated cost and benefit of
each technology based on assumption.
Result and Discussions
Pre-filter of technologies
Based on impact potential and context relevance from 48 technology options the major 12 technologies were dropped regarding their relevance to the study area.
Reason for technology dropping:-
Unavailability of the technology to the area.
less adaptable to the area.
unaffordable to small scale farmers Main filter technologies
Among them supplement with home produce local breweries, feeding of home grown legumes, use of weed cut grass and tree leaf, refreshing and mixing of CRs before storage and feeding were accordingly favored by the tool and got higher rank as compared to other technologies.
These technologies were further subjected for cost benefit analysis.
Feed technologies selected using the Tech Fit tool
Total score
RankList of feed technologies Remarks
49 1 home produce local breweries Mostly used by home made alcohols producers
49 1 . feeding of home grown legumesCommon to the area
45 3 . use of weed cut grass and tree leafMainly practiced during crop growing period
43 4 Re-threshing and mixing of crop residues before storage and feeding
easily applicable without demand for resources
Benefit cost analysis of the best bet technologies/cow/day in Ethiopian Birr at Bekoji Negesso Kebele
Technolo
gy
rank Feed technologies
Total
cost
Gross
benefit
Net
benefit BCR
1
Home produce local breweries
3.00 4.55 1.50 0.50
2
Feeding of home grown legumes 2.00 2.60 0.60 0.30
3
Use of weed cut grass and tree leaf
3.50 5.20 1.70 0.48
3
Re-threshing and mixing of crop residues before storage and feeding 2.40 3.25 .85 0.35
cont.
The result showed that technology which stood first Home produce local brewerieswas found economically best profitable by giving economical advantage of 0.50 CBR while Feeding of home grown legumes stood least by 0.30 CBR
Challenges/Limitations
Estimation of cost benefit analysis of the best bet technologies was based on assumption.
The feed technology options were more dependent on availability of attributes regardless of potential to the area.
Lessons learned
Generate ideas for feed interventions depending on the existing farming system
It was helpful to guide thinking and ensuring that the suggestions for feed improvement take into account system constraints such as land, labor, credit and input delivery
The tool tries to match context scores like availability of land, labor, etc. with list of candidates of feed technologies to come up with short list of promising options.
Tech fit helps to guide thinking of researchers and development workers on feed technology prioritization.
Assessment of Dairy Value Chain in Arsi Highlands :The Case of Lemu-Bilbilo District
The main objective of the study was to undertake an assessment of the dairy value chain actors of the study area.
The following specific objectives of the study are:
Carrying out analysis of the commercial viability of smallholder dairy farming and margin analysis for different milk marketing channels;
To Identify the key constraints and opportunities of milk and milk
products marketing;
To propose simple and practical intervention areas, which helps to facilitate milk and milk products marketing that brings sustainable change.
Methods of data collection and data sources
Value Chain Analysis approach (VCA) was used. Review of literature Secondary data from different sources, Primary data collected using focused group discussion , key informants & personal
observations. 41 farmers from three villages were used for FGD Discussed with Experts in Livestock Agency, Cooperatives promotion office, Vet
drug vendors , Trade promotion office, KII with cooperatives, cheese & butter traders, milk collectors & processor.
Results of Dairy Value Chain Analysis
Figure 1: The core functions, actors and activities in the dairy value chain
Private traders Cooperatives Smallholder farmers Credit &saving
institutions Developmental
organizations (NGOs) Livestock health and
extension agency Kulumsa Research
Centre
Smallholder farmers (both members and non members of dairy cooperatives)
Cooperatives Private
processors (traders)
Cooperatives Private
traders Individual
farmers
Cooperatives Traders
Hotels Cafeteria
Individual consumers
Availing inputs like
concentrate feeds, seeds of improved forage crops, AI services, provision of credit, training on handling, processing &feed formulation techniques, veterinary services
Rearing livestock
Feeding Breeding Milking and
milk handling Animal disease
control
Buying Bulking Transporting Selling
Quality testing Bulking
Processing
Collection Transportat
ion Exchange
Consumptions
Input supply
Production
Marketing
Processing
Skimmed milk Marketing
(Skimmed milk)
Consumption
Activities
Actors
Figure 2: Raw and skimmed milk marketing routes
100% (Sour milk)
20% (Raw)
80% (Raw) 25% (Skimmed milk)
75% (Skimmed milk)
Production
Assasa
consumer
Local market (Bekoji market)
Adama
Assela
Figure 3 : Butter marketing routes
7%
7%
10%
30%
30
10% 35%
7%
1%
Addis
Ababa
Production (study area)
Local
market Assasa
Shashemene
Hawassa
Assela
Adama
Figure 3: Cheese marketing route
5%
1%
1%
75%
10%
3%
Meki
Production
Adama Mojjo
Addis Ababa
Shashemene
Awassa
Alaba
Marketing channels
Figure 4: Dairy marketing channels
o
15%
Smallholder dairy producers
(Marketed only 15 of their raw milk)
Individual Consumers
Consumption
Production
Dembela Private Processor
7%
71% 7%
Feeds supply AI & Veterinary services
Credit provision
Market information
Research and Development Partners (R&D)
Arsi Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center
FAO and ACID/VOCA
FAO
Cooperatives
Traders Raw milk marketing
Processing
Input Supply/Support services
Extension advice
Hotels and Cafeteria
Quality control Enabling Environment
Market rules and regulations
License
provision
Legal support in drawings MoU
Three main market channels for raw milk produced in Limu-Bilbilo district with which it reaches to final consumers.
The final consumers’ in the study area is pre-urban and urban individual consumers, hotels and cafeterias.
Channel 1- Milk consumed by pre-urban individual consumers in the study area
Channel 2 – Milk consumed by Urban Individual consumers in the study area
Channel 3 – Milk consumed by Hotels and cafeteria
Margins and Value addition
Raw milk Channel Marketing margin
Net margin Share of value added (%)
Producers' share of final
price (%)
1. Pre-urban consumers 1.80 1.77 56.5 78
2. Urban individual consumers
3.10 2 49 55
3. Hotels/cafeterias 8.50 5.50 83 43
Major constraints
Constraints at Input supply Stage Inadequate availability and skills of AI technicians
Low quality and poor timeliness of AI and animal health service Information gap on credit services Unavailability of demonstration sites on improved forage production in Farmers
Training Centers (FTC) Absence of bull and heifers distribution centers
Production stage Feed shortage Very high price of industrial by - products Lack of knowledge regarding improved feed formulation Non market oriented production
Processing and marketing Stage Insufficient capacity of processing machines Lack of cooling facilities
Legal and Institutional Constraints
Weak coordination between union, primary cooperatives and farmers Existence of too many unlicensed traders No vertical linkage b/n cooperatives and others
Market infrastructure Sanitation Problem of milk products
Support service providers
Capacity gap among extension agents and agricultural experts in provision of training on feed formulation techniques
Prioritized constraints
1. Feed shortage2. Low quality and poor timeliness of AI and animal health service 3. Inadequate availability and skills of AI technicians4. Lack of knowledge regarding improved feed formulation5. Information gap on credit services
Opportunities available
Recently connected to major urban centers with good asphalt roads.
Favorable climate and weather conditions with relatively abundant pasture land for expanding the smallholder dairy productions.
Availability of progressive farmers who have adopted the practice of keeping improved dairy cows.
Conclusions
Demand for milk & milk products increases with the increase in population urbanization, and recent connections of the area with good asphalt roads.
However, milk supply is below the expected level and could not able to meet this growing demands due to;
Shortage of feed High price of industrial –by products Low genetic make up of available animals Inadequate & inefficient AI services Absence of institutions in the supply of improved bull and
heifers Lack of knowledge regarding improved feed formulation Information gap on credit services
Recommendations
Encourage the development of improved forage. Trainings on improved forage developments and feed conservations in the form of
hay or silage.
Trainings of farmers on improved feed formulation techniques
Improve AI service
In-service training of local service providers:
To enhance the technical skills and knowledge of AI technicians’ short term trainings and refresher courses on relevant areas of dairy management will be the right direction.
Training on community bull selections
Training of farmers on AI services, especially heat detections and reporting
Create regular stakeholder forum
This initiative will enable them to discuss common problems, find solutions to them and strengthens networking between dairy value chain players.
Sensitization training on credit service terms and condition
Micro-finance institutions need to create a platform for organizing training in credit service terms and condition for both dairy producer farmers and dairy cooperatives.