Africa: Shaped by Its History

Chapter 2Pg. 34 - 72

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Guiding Questions

2. How have historical events affected the cultures and nations of Africa?

3. What features help define different African cultures?

4. What factors led to the development of different governments across Africa?

5. What factors influence the ways in which Africans make a living?

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Section I: African Beginnings

• Pages 36 – 41• Guiding question– How have historical events affected the cultures

and nations of Africa?• Objectives– 7.3.03 – Examine the development and use of

tools and technology.– 7.4.01 – Describe patterns of and motivations for

migrations

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African Beginnings

• 10,000 years ago…– Humans live in Sahara desert

• East Africa– Humans live 2 million years ago

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Changing Survival Skills

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Civilizations on the Nile

• Stone age groups become Civilizations– A society with cities, a government, and social

classes– Social classes determined by • Background• Wealth• Way of living• Jobs

– Division of Labor – people do different jobs

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Civilizations on the Nile Cont’d

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The Bantu Migrations

• 4000 years ago = HUGE migration– To move from one place and resettle in another.

• Bantu people migrate

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Why Migrate?

• No one knows for sure• Some believe

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Bantus Spread Their Language

• Most people began to speak Bantu

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Language and Ethnic Groups

• Central and Southern Africa– Hundreds of ethnic groups• Groups that share languages, religions, family ties,

and customs– May also share a distinct language– 200 million people speak Bantu• Zulu• Xhosa• Shona• Swahili

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Section II: Kingdoms, City-States, and Empires

• Pages 42 – 49• Guiding Question– What features help define different African

cultures?• Objectives– 7.4.02 – Commodities of trade and their

significance for cultures and regions– 7.8.02 – Impact of key groups on historical and

contemporary societies

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East African Trading Civilizations• Began in East Africa– Along the ocean– Access to trade

routes• Aksum• Kilwa• Great Zimbabwe

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Aksum

• Present day Ethiopia and Eritrea• Controlled trade in the Red Sea

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Cities of Trade

• Used winds to sail to and from India and China• Trade affects culture– Muslims introduce Islam– Swahili – Bantu language including Arabic words• Most common Bantu language spoken in Africa

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Rise of City-States

• City-State – City that has its own traditions, government, and laws. Both a city and state.

• Greatest:– Malindi– Mombosa– Great Zimbabwe– Kilwa

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Kilwa

• Considered one of the best cities of its time• $$$$$– Trade– Taxes• Traders had to pay big taxes on items purchased in the

city

• 1500s – destroyed by Portugal

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Southern and East African Trade Ties

• Great Zimbabwe– Near the Limpopo river– Peaked around 1300– Thousands of people lived there– Ruins still remain

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North African Trading Powers

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West African Kingdoms

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Section III: European Conquest of Africa

• Pages 50 – 56• Guiding Question:– How have historical events affected the cultures

and nations of Africa?• Objectives:– 7.4.02 – Commodities of trade and their

significance for cultures and regions– 7.7.01 – Relationship between historical events

and current issues

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Europeans on the Coast

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Portuguese Exploration

• Mid 1400s– Portuguese sail along West Africa– Looking for gold– Europeans did not want to deal with North Africa

• Lateen Sail– Allows Portuguese to sail with and against the

wind• Astrolabe – Helps sailors navigate at sea 23

A Change in Trade Relations

•Africans and Europeans trade as equals at first

•1498 Portuguese ships find East Africa Portuguese are amazed at East African wealth More come to take their riches 24

European Trade Spreads

• Dutch, French, and English follow• Settlers soon arrive• Europeans spread using force• Slave trade begins– Relations between Africa and Europe cannot be

salvaged

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Slave Trade Begins

• By 1600s – Portuguese trade guns for people

• By 1780– 80,000 Africans shipped across Atlantic each year– Just over 100,000 people live in Wilmington

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Horrors of Slavery

• Often branded with hot irons• Stacked floor to ceiling on boats– As many as 20% died on trip

• To overcome losses captains put more people on board

• Olaudah Equiano– Bought his freedom and fought slavery

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The Effects of Slavery on Africa

• Some Africans grew wealthy• West Africa looses much of its

population• African societies break down–Skilled workers gone–Families torn apart

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Europeans Colonize Africa

• Mid 1800s– Slave trade over

• Europeans then turn to…..– Natural Resources

• Africans resist but…– Old weapons no match for Europe’s modern

weapons

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Scramble for Africa

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