Agenda. Review How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy?

transcript

Agenda

Review

• How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy?

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE CRISIS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER (1900-1929)

Objectives

• Evaluate the causes of World War I?

Essential Questions

• How did militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism cause World War I?

Map 29-1, p. 768

Target: Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

• Causes of World War I (MAIN)– Militarism– Alliances• Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy• Triple Entente – France, Russia, Britain

– Imperialism

– Nationalism• United France, Britain, and Germany.• Divided Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.• Balkans – “Powder Keg”

– Pan-Slavism (Slavic nationalism) created tension.

– Assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand• July 28, 1914 – A-H declared war on Serbia.

• World War I– Schlieffen Plan– Western Front• Machine guns, trenches = stalemate.• Poison gas, gas masks, tanks, airplanes.

– German unrestricted submarine warfare.• Lusitania and Zimmermann Telegram = US entrance.

Map 29-2, p. 770

– The Home Front and the War Economy• Total war.• Unemployment vanished. (Women filled jobs)

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Who is this poster targeting?

How is this population supposed to feel?

Who does this postertarget?

What is being asked? Why?

– The Ottoman Empire at War• Wanted land at Russia’s expense.• Armenian Genocide – expelled Christian Armenians

from Anatolia. (up to 1.5 million deaths.)• Arab Revolt of 1916.

– Zionism – Jewish nationalism• Desired a homeland.• 1917 Balfour Declaration – statement favoring a Jewish

homeland in Palestine.– Led to conflicts between Palestinian and Jewish settlers.

• The End of the War in Western Europe– US President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.• League of Nations.

– 11/11/18 armistice.

Map 29-3, p. 776

Agenda

Review

• How did militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism cause World War I?

Objectives

• Describe the causes of the Russian Revolution.

Essential Questions

• What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?

Target: The Russian Revolution

• Causes– Russo-Japanese War (1904) defeat– “Bloody Sunday” (1905) – peaceful marchers

wanted reform, czar’s troops opened fire.– Poor performance in WWI– Widespread hunger.

– March 1917 – mass demonstrations, formation of soviets (councils) to take over factories and barracks.• Tsar abdicated, Alexander Kerensky formed Provisional

Government.

• Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)– Promised peace, land, and bread.– October Revolution (November 6, 1917)• Workers, soldiers, and sailors took Petrograd.

p. 777

– Nationalized private land, ordered peasants to hand over crops.

– Took factories, created compulsory labor brigades.– Checka – secret police.– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) ended involvement

in WWI.• Territorial losses.

• December 1918 – civil war.– Allies supplied counter-revolutionaries.– Famine – nearly 3 million deaths.– The Red Army (Communists) won by 1921.

• 1922 – Ukraine merged with Russia – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

• Poor economic situation.

• 1923 – Lenin announced the New Economic Policy (NEP)– Peasants could own land and sell crops.– Some private business ownership.– Gov’t owned banks, railroads, factories.– Relaxation of controls = rise in production.

• Lenin’s death (1924) = power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.

Essential Questions

Agenda

Review

Objectives

• Evaluate the role that World War I played in eroding European dominance in the world.

Essential Questions

• How did World War I erode European dominance in the world?

Target: Peace and Dislocation in Europe (1919-1929)

• The Impact of the War– 8-10 million deaths.– Displacement.– US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand passed

immigration restrictions.– Spanish Influenza (1918-1919) – 20 million deaths.– Environmental damage.

• Paris Peace Conference: The Treaty of Versailles

• Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), George Clemenceau (France)

– Terms imposed on Germany:• $33 billion in reparations• Demilitarization.• Loss of territory.• “Guilt clause” – accepted responsibility for WWII.

– Austria-Hungary fell apart.• Emergence of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

• An Ephemeral Peace– Survivors – unrealistic expectations,

disillusionment.– No countries were happy with the outcome. – 1923 – Germany suspended reparation payments.• Recklessly printing money = severe inflation.

– 1924 – a few years of calm and prosperity.

Essential Questions

Agenda

Review

Objectives

• Identify why China and Japan followed such divergent paths in the early 1900s.

Essential Questions

• Why did China and Japan follow such divergent paths in the early 1900s?

Target: China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies

• Social and Economic Change– China• Largest and fastest growing population• Peasants struggled.• Landowners.• Officials rich from taxes and gov’t monopolies.

– Japan• Few natural resources and little arable land for its rising

population.• Ring of Fire.

• Economic growth aggravated social tensions.– Some disliked Western ways, youth embraced them.– Powerful zaibatsu.– Poor farmers.– Weak labor unions.– Prosperity from foreign trade.

• Revolution and War (1900-1918)– China• Post-Boxer Rebellion.

– Students wanted revolution to overthrow Qing and modernize.

– Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925)• Three Principles of Reform

– Nationalism, democracy, economic security

• Elected president in December 1911, but had no military forces.

• Yuan Shikai– Able military leader, no political program.– Sun reorganized followers into the Guomindang

(National People’s Party), but Yuan crushed attempt at a Western-style government.

• Japan– Joined the Allies during WWI.– Conquered German colonies in the northern

Pacific and on the coast of China.– 1915 – presented China with Twenty-One

Demands• Anti-Japanese riots and boycotts.

• Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang (1919-1929)– May Fourth Movement (May 4, 1919) – Chinese

students demonstrated.• Great powers had accepted Japan’s seizure of the

German enclaves in China at the Paris Peace Conference.

– Leadership of Guomindang passed to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) in 1925.• Crushed labor unions and the Communists.• Dictatorship.• Plans to build railroads, agriculture, industry.• Tax collectors and landowners took peasant money.• The little money that reached the gov’t went to the

military.

Essential Questions

Agenda

Review

Objectives

• Evaluate how the Middle East changed as a result of World War I.

Essential Questions

• How did the Middle East change as a result of World War I?

Target: The New Middle East

• The Mandate System– Former German colonies and Ottoman

possessions given to the Allies after WWI, to be administered under League supervision.

– Class C Mandates: smallest pops., treated as colonies.• German islands in the Pacific.

– Class B Mandates: to be ruled for the benefit of their inhabitants.• Most of Germany’s African colonies.

– Class A Mandates: “independent,” but with supervision.• Arab-speaking territories of the Ottoman Empire.• Arabs saw promise of independence.

• The Rise of Modern Turkey– End of WWI – Ottoman Empire on the brink of

collapse.

– Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)• 1919 – formed a nationalist gov’t in central Anatolia.• 1922 – reconquered Anatolia and the area around

Constantinople.

– Program of modernization.• Abolished sultanate, created secular republic.• European laws.• Suppressed Muslim courts and schools.• Latin alphabet.• Civil equality for women.• Clothing changes.• Islamic traditions still strong in rural areas.

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• Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine– Arabs saw mandate system as foreign occupation.– Dramatic societal changes.• Middle class – Western customs.• Some sons sent to European schools.• Some women became schoolteachers or nurses.

– Britain and French attempts to control.– Before the war, a Jewish minority lived in

Palestine, and in other Arab countries.• After 1920, many more came from Europe.• Purchases of land angered Palestinians.• Guerrilla warfare by the 1930s.

Map 29-4, p. 784

Essential Questions

Agenda

Review

Objectives

• Describe how European and North American society and technology changed in the aftermath of World War I.

Essential Questions

• How did European and North American society and technology change in the aftermath of World War I?

Target: Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World

• Class and Gender– Class distinctions began to fade after WWI.– Activities of gov’t expanded = need for more

bureaucrats.

– Women’s lives changed rapidly in the 1920s.• Some remained in the work force.• Young and wealthy = personal freedoms.• Gradually gained the right to vote.• Social reform.

• Revolution in the Sciences– Discovery of subatomic particles.• More plentiful and dangerous sources of energy.

– New social sciences were unsettling.• Challenged Victorian morality, middle-class values, and

notions of Western superiority.• Wartime experiences called into question the West’s

faith in reason and progress.

• New Technologies of Modernity– Aviation.– Electricity.– Radios, film.– Advances in medicine (disinfectants, x-ray

machines)– Water supply and sewage treatment systems.

• Technology and the Environment– Skyscraper and automobile transformed urban

environment.– Dams and canals in India, Australia, and the

western US.

Essential Questions

• How did European and North American society and technology change in the aftermath of World War I?

Agenda. Review How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy?

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