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Genetics & Plant Breeding
J.G. Mexal
A/H 100 GSpring 2006
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Topics
History
Cell Division (mitosis) Reproduction (meiosis)
Role of DNA
Role of RNA Plant Breeding & Genetics
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1864)
Worked in monastery
garden
Time period = 1856-1863
Published: Experiments onPlant Hybrids in obscure
journal
Worked discovered in1900
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Gregor Mendel
S = smooths = wrinkled
Dominant vs
Recessive genes
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Gregor Mendel
Dominant vs Recessive genes (2)
F1
S = smooth
s = wrinkled
Y = yellow
y = green
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Gregor Mendel
Incomplete dominance
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Important Milestones
1866 Gregor Mendel
1947 Barbara McClintock (jumping genes)
1953 Watson & Crick (structure of DNA) 1970s Foreign gene expressed in tobacco
1986 Transgenic plants field tested
1990s Bt gene inserted into crops 1994 Flavr-Savr tomato released
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Sex in the Garden
Types of Propagation
#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10
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Sex in the Garden
Types of Propagation
Sexual
Self-pollination -- Wind pollination
Cross-pollination -- Insect pollination
Asexual
Cuttings -- Layering
Grafting -- Biotechnology
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Sex in the Garden
Sexual Propagation
Terms
DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid a polymeric moleculeconsisting of nucleotides (ribose, PO4, and adenine,
cytosine, guanine, & thymine). Found in nucleus,chloroplasts, mitochondria. Makes RNA.
RNA: Ribonucleic Acida polymeric moleculeconsisting of nucleotides (ribose, PO4, and adenine,
cytosine, guanine, & uracil). Found in nucleus,chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes. Makes
proteins.
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Building Blocks
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Sex in the Garden
Sexual Propagation
Terms
Chromosome: genetic material of cell organized inlinear structures
Gene: genetic material on a chromosone determining
a characteristic
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: the physical manifestation of thegenotype modified by the environment
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Sex in the Garden
Sexual Propagation
Terms
Diploid: a cell containing 2 sets (2n)of chromosomes(vegetative cell)
Haploid: a cell containing 1 (1n)set of chromosomes(pollen or ovule)
Polyploid: a cell containing more than 2 sets of
chromosomes. Usually vegetatively reproduced.
Banana = 3n
Potato = 4n
Strawberry = 8n
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Sex in the Garden
Sexual Propagation
Terms
Mitosis: cell division where nuclear complement (1nor 2n) is maintained
Meiosis: cell division where nuclear complement (2nonly) is reduced to 1n (gametes)
Hybridization: controlled cross-fertilization
Independent Assortment: each chromosomeoperates independently during mitosis & meiosis
Mutation: a heritable change in a gene
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Sex in the Garden
Sexual Propagation
Terms
Monoecious: Both sexes on same plant
(e.g. corn, pecan)
Dioecious: Sexes on different plants
Holly (female) Juniper (male or female)
Pistachio (female) Cottonwood (male)
Asparagus (male)]
Ash (male)
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Cell Division-Mitosis
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Cell Division-Meiosis
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Sexual Propagation
Meiosis
Flower
Pollen Ovule
microspores megaspores
#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10
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Sexual Propagation
Fertilization
Endosperm3n
Embryo
Pollen grain
Generative cell
Tube nucleus
Pollen tube
Sperm cells
Polar nuclei
Egg
Embryo sac4-nucleate
2-nucleate
Zygote 2n
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Genetic Engineering
The Tools
Agrobacterium
Gene Gun
Electroporation Microinjection
Liposomes
The Plan:
Find a gene of interest
Develop cell culture of crop
Insert the gene (tools) Hope it gets incorporated in
plant DNA
Have gene product expressed
Regenerate plants from cells
Field test to see if it works!
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Plant:People Interactions
People to Plant
Moving plants
Endangering plants Chestnut, Echinacea
Creating new plants Bt corn, RoundUp ReadyCotton
The Good The Bad and The Ugly
Corn Saltcedar Chestnut blightChile Tumbleweed Dutch Elm Disease
Peanut Kudzu Sudden Oak Death
Apple Tree of Heaven White Pine Blister Rust
Potato Potato Karnal bunt
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Biotechnology Advances
Flavr-Savr Tomato
Ring spot virus-
resistant Papaya Golden Rice (vitamin A)
Round-up resistantcrops (herbicide)
BT crops (insecticide)
Designer plants
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Genetic Engineering
The Future:
Antibiotics in fruits
Salt tolerance??
Drought tolerance??
Freeze tolerance (INA)
Mexals botanical kindergarten??
#1#2#4#5#6#7#8#9#10
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Plant:People Interactions
Creating new plants for
the future Sensitive Noses: Beano-Beans
Movie Goers:Glo-in-the-dark
Popcorn
Indecisive New Mexicans:
NuMex RednGreen Chile
Americans: Atkins-friendly Maple
Syrup Christmas: Epiphany Poinsettia
Kinder-garden: Nile water lily X
Venus fly-trap
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Plant:People Interactions
People to Plant
Creating new plants for the
future
Sensitive Noses: Beano-Beans
Movie Goers:Glo-in-the-dark
Popcorn
Indecisive New Mexicans:
RednGreen Chile
Americans: Atkins-friendly MapleSyrup
Christmas: Epiphany Poinsettia
Kinder-garden: Nile water lily X
Venus fly-trap
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Sex in the Garden
Asexual Propagation
Terms
Cutting
PGR (hormone)
Sport
Scion
Rootstock
Graft Union
Tissue Culture
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Sex in the Garden
Asexual Propagation
Vegetative Propagation
Timing (season) -- Age (branch)
PGR -- Leaf Area
Stem Wounding -- Cutting Size
RH -- T
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Rooting of Blue Spruce/ Wagner1987
Rooting %
0
5
10
15
20
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Collection Month
IBA Treatment (ppm)
Rooting %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Cutting Length (cm)
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Genetics & Plant Breeding
Things to Know
DNA
Gene
Chromosome Ploidy
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Polyploid (3N, 4N, 6N)
Things to Know
RNA
Mitosis
Meiosis