Post on 25-Feb-2016
description
transcript
Air and Air Pollution
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 17
Dr. Richard ClementsChattanooga State Technical Community College
Key Concepts
Structure and composition of the atmosphere
Types and sources of outdoor air pollution
Types, formation, and effects of smog
Sources and effects of acid deposition
Effects of air pollution
Prevention and control of air pollution
The Atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
78% N, 21% O
Ozone layer
Greenhouse effect
Fig. 17-2 p. 419
Outdoor Air Pollution Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants-
Often more dangerous than primary
See Table 17-1 p. 420 See Table 17-2 p. 422
Fig. 17-4 p. 421
Photochemical Smog
Brown-air smog- from the combustion of fossil fuels and industry, Health: 65K-200K deaths From outdoor pollutants/year
Photochemicalreaction
Photochemicaloxidants
Damage crops, trees, Respiratory tract
Fig. 17-6 p. 424
Industrial Smog
Gray-air smog-Carbon and sulfur from combusted coal inAir react with oxygen, gray from sootIndustrial smog-Problem in developing countries w/ limitedControls and high coal use.
Sulfuric acid -
Sulfur dioxide-Colorless, suffocating gas, also from smeltingMetal ores
ParticulatesFig. 17-8 p. 426
Temperature Inversions
Subsidence inversion-mass of warm air into high altitude Floats over colder air on ground. Keeps air over ground stagnant-no mixing, doesn’t last long
Radiation inversion-occurs at night as ground air cools faster, Air mixes around lunchtime when air warms Fig. 17-9 p. 427
Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid DepositionAcid depositionWet deposition Dry deposition
Fig. 17-10 p. 428
Acid Deposition in the US
Fig. 17-11 p. 429
Acid Deposition and Humans
Respiratory diseases Toxic metal leaching Decreased visibility Damage to structures, especially
containing limestone Decreased productivity and
profitability of fisheries, forests, and farms
Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems
Fish declines
Undesirable species
Aluminum toxicity
Acid shock Indian Ocean
Fig. 17-14 p. 431
Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil
Nutrient leaching
Heavy metal release
Weakens trees
Fig. 17-15 p. 432
Indoor Air Pollution/Sick Building Syndrome
Fig. 17-17p. 434
Radon Radon-222 Decays into
radioactive particles
Occurs in certain areas based on geology
Associated with uranium and organic material in rock
Fig. 17-18p. 436
Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials
Damage to mucous membranes
Respiratory diseases (see Fig. 17-19 p. 438)
Damage to plant leaves and roots
Reduction in primary productivity
Deterioration of materials (See Table 17-3 p. 440)
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution
Clean Air ActMontreal Protocol-substances that deplete ozone 1987
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)-6 principle pollutants- CO, Pb, NO2, PM, O3, SO2
Primary and secondary standards Primary –human health, secondary –environmental health and damage
Output control vs. input control
Emission Reduction
Fig. 17-22 p. 441
Fig. 17-23a p. 442
Reducing IndoorAir Pollution
Fig. 17-25 p. 443
Prevention Cleanup
Reduce air pollutionby improving energyefficiency
Reduce coal use
Increase natural gasuse
Increase use of renewable resources
Burn low-sulfur coal
Remove SO2 particulates, and NOx
from smokestack gases
Remove Nox frommotor vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Add lime to neutralizeacidified lakes
Add phosphatefertilizer to neutralizeacidified lakes
Figure 17-16Page 433
Prevention Cleanup
Reduce air pollutionby improving energyefficiency
Reduce coal use
Increase natural gasuse
Increase use of renewable resources
Burn low-sulfur coal
Remove SO2 particulates, and NOx
from smokestack gases
Remove Nox frommotor vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Add lime to neutralizeacidified lakes
Add phosphatefertilizer to neutralizeacidified lakes