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AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION POLICY
A i t t D t F V hi l E i i P ll ti C t lAssistant Deputy For Vehicles Emissions Pollution Control State Ministry of Environment
14 February 2008
OUTLINE
• Existing Air Quality Status• Existing Air Quality Status• Air Pollution Status• Air Pollution Impacts• Blue Sky Program• Blue Sky Program
Existing Air Quality Status
Urban Air Quality Status
Photochemical smogVisibility Decreasing
BandungJakarta
Surabayay
D S iDoc: Swisscontact
PM10 and O3 exceedances
Pollutant Standard Index (PSI), 2001 - 2006
80%
90%
100%
60%
70%
80%
30%
40%
50%PSI
10%
20%
30%
0%Jakarta Bandung Denpasar Medan Pekanbaru Pontianak Palangkar Semarang Surabaya
CitiesGood Moderate Unhealthy Very unhealthy Dangerous Data not available
Ambient Air Quality StandardPollutant Time WHO (2005) PP 41/99
PM24 hour (99 th percentile) 25 μg/m3 65 μg/m3
PM2.5 1 year 10 μg/m3 15 μg/m3
1 hour 235 μg/m3
PM10 24 hour (99 th percentile) 50 μg/m3 150 μg/m3
1 year 20 μg/m3
1 hour 235 μg/m3
Ozon, O3
1 hour 235 μg/m8 hour, daily maximum 100 μg/m3
1 year 50 μg/m3
Nitrogen dioksxida, NO2
1 hour 200 μg/m3 400 μg/m3
24 hour 150 μg/m3
3 31 year 40μg/m3 100 μg/m3
10 minute 500 μg/m3
1 jam 900 μg/m3
Sulfur dioksida, SO2
1 jam 900 μg/m24 hour 20 μg/m3 365 μg/m3
1 year 60 μg/m3
Air Pollution Issues
Source of Air Pollution and its pollutants
SO2, NO2, PM, etc
PM10 CO HC NOx etc
DominanS
PM10, CO, HC, NOx, etc
t Source
PM, SO2, CFC
CH4 PM10, CO
Emission load in Jabodetabek 1995-2002, Dolaris, 2006 (tons)
19267100%
42204930
8142
1970980%
90%
642
9563168933
9873860%
70%
T t ti
9607742697
59840%
50%Transportation
Domestic
Industry42697
47970
13581
15476 49627164
20%
30%
47970
36832
0%
10%
SO2 2002 1995 PM10 2002 1995 NOx 2002 1995SO2 2002 1995 PM10 2002 1995 NOx 2002 1995
Indonesian population living in urban areas
Year % citizens that live in urban inIndonesia
% citizens that live in urban area in Java island
1920 5,8 % (2,88 mill.)1920
1980
, ( , )
17,0 %
1990 25,4 % (46,48 mill.) 30%2020 60 %2025 59,5 %
2020 60 %
Motorvehicles Population in Metro Jakarta (1990-2015)
Note: *) Metro Jaya includes Jakarta, Bekasi, DepokSource: Ditlantas Polri (1990-2000) and prediction (2001-2015).
8 0117
11.3740
10
12
milli
on)
4 15945.7275
8.0117
6
8
ulat
ion
(m
1.64903.0211
4.1594
2
4
6
icle
Pop
u
0
2
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Veh
990 995 000 005 0 0 0 5Year
Passenger Cars Trucks Buses Motorcycles Total
VEHICLE POPULATION BASED ON TYPE
30 000 000
35,000,000
)
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
ON
(Uni
t)
10,000,000
15,000,000
OPU
LATI
O
0
5,000,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
PO
SOURCE: POLICE REGISTRATION YEAR
Passenger cars Comm. Veh. Bus Motorcycles
CO2 Emission From Energy in Indonesia (MoEMR, 2005)
250.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
150.00Ton Million
50.00
0.001990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Years
Power Plant Industry Commercial Transportation Other Totaly p
N2O Emission From Energy in Indonesia, ESDM, 2005
2.50
2.00
1.50
TonThausand
1.00
0 00
0.50
0.001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Years
Power Plant Industry Commercial Transportation Other Total
GHG emissions from transport in China, India, and emerging Asia 1971 - 2000
Air Pollution Impacts
Human body significantly reacts to diesel Nano-particles. Small particles are too dangerous to nervous system.
Deposition intoLarge
High numbers and large surface area
Nasal
Oral
Extra-thoracicInflammation, Congestion
Asthma
Largeparticles
T h
Bronchial
AsthmaBronchitisCongestion
Obstructive diseaseEd
Trachea
Fatal damage to lung
and other organs? Bronchioles
EdemaEmphysema Ultra-fine
particlesAlveolar
100 nm10 nm1 nm 1 μm 100 μm10 μm0.1 nm 1 mm
Alveolar duct
μ μμ
Molecule Virus Bacterium Fuel Spray RainMolecule
PMSMOG
Tobacco Smoke
SPM and PM10
PM 2.5Nano-PM
Health Effect of PM
Visible Effect of PM
Persib Monument
LAPAN, Maret 2001
Blue Sky Program
Blue Sky Program
Mission :
Controlling pollution of air pollution g p pthrough coordinated and integrated policy implementation implementation
Policy
• Developing national policy on air pollution controlcontrol
• Improving monitoring and evaluation • Developing regional capacity • Enhance stakeholders participation in air• Enhance stakeholders participation in air
pollution control
Strategy and countermeasures for mobile sources
Developing emissionCl F l Inspection &Developing emission
Standard / technologyCleaner Fuels Inspection &
Maintenance (I/M)
Mobile Source Pollution Control
Environmentally sustainable transport Public Participation
1 Developing emission standard/ technology1. Developing emission standard/ technology
a. Implementation of Euro standard in Indonesia
Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1 (Euro-4) Planned
g y g y ( g y
YearEnforce to
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Enforce to
o ce toNew Model ECE 83-04 (Euro-2) Idle
Idle
(Euro-4)
(E 4)ECE 83 04 (Euro 2)
Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3 5 ton ; Category : M2 M3 N2 N3 O3 & O4)
Existing Model
Idle (Euro-4)ECE 83-04 (Euro-2)
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2,N3,O3, & O4)
Enforce to New Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)
Enforce to Existing Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)
b. In-used vehiclesStipulating emission standards for in-used vehicles based onStipulating emission standards for in-used vehicles based on idle condition for gasoline and free acceleration for diesel-fuelled vehicles (Min. Decree 35/93 replaced by Min. Decree No 5/2006 )No. 5/2006 )Issuance of standards crucial as reference national standard and to anticipate implementation of autonomy law (Act N 32/2004)No.32/2004)Emission measurement procedures standardized nationally (3 Indonesian National Standard)Local governments can develop tighter emission standards on I&M.
D l i l tic. Developing regulation• Vehicle noise for type approval test
2. Cleaner Fuels
Energy Consumption (Ariati, DJLPE, MoEMR Energy Consumption (Ariati, DJLPE, MoEMR gy p (gy p (2007) 2007)
250,000
200,000
100,000
150,000
u SB
M
0
50,000Ribu
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2004
TahunDomestic Industries Transportationo est c dust es a spo tat o
Avg. growth energy final in the year 1970Avg. growth energy final in the year 1970--2004 = 2004 = ++ 7 %/an7 %/an
-- 1970, Domestic sector was the biggest consumer1970, Domestic sector was the biggest consumerSince 1984, Industries sector consumes the highest Since 1984, Industries sector consumes the highest
Since 1996, Transportation sector become the biggest consumer Since 1996, Transportation sector become the biggest consumer Since 2001, Industries sector become the highest consumer Since 2001, Industries sector become the highest consumer
Results of Fuel Quality MonitoringLead content in gasoline
0.5
0.6
0.4
Pb)
0.2
0.3
Lead
(P
0.1
0
Band
ung
Bata
m
Den
pasa
r
Jabo
deta
bek
Mak
asar
Med
an
Pale
mba
ng
Sem
aran
g
Sura
baya
Yogy
akar
ta
Ambo
n
Balik
papa
n
Banj
arm
asin
Kupa
ng
Man
ado
Mat
aram
Pada
ng
Palu
Peka
nbar
u
Soro
ng
Band
a Ac
eh
Band
ar
Beng
kulu
Gor
onta
lo
Jam
bi
Jaya
pura
Kend
ari
Pala
ngka
ray
Pang
kalp
ina
Pont
iana
k
2005 2006 2007 Standard 0.013 gr/l
– 30 cities unleaded gasoline– 10 cities shown undetectable lead– Gasoline quality is better than
2006
Sulfur content in Diesel
4000
4500
2500
3000
3500
pm)
1500
2000
2500
Sulfu
r (pp
500
1000
0
Band
ung
Bata
m
Den
pasa
r
Jabo
deta
bek
Mak
asar
Med
an
Pale
mba
ng
Sem
aran
g
Sura
baya
Yogy
akar
ta
Ambo
n
Balik
papa
n
Banj
arm
asin
Kupa
ng
Man
ado
Mat
aram
Pada
ng
Palu
Peka
nbar
u
Soro
ng
Band
a Ac
eh
Band
ar
Beng
kulu
Gor
onta
lo
Jam
bi
Jaya
pura
Kend
ari
Pala
ngka
ray
Pang
kalp
ina
Pont
iana
k
2005 2006 2007 Standard 35002005 2006 2007 Standard 3500
– Sulfur content meets Dept. ESDM’s specification– 4 cities do not comply (Manado, Jayapura, Bandar Lampung,
Mataram)Mataram)– Non meets EURO 2 specification 500 ppm – Diesel fuel quality is worst compare to 2006 (Avg. sulfur
content in 2006: 1.494 ppm; 2007: 2.156 ppm
Cleaner Fuel (promises and reality)
• Gasoline– Introducing unleaded gasoline in nationwide, July 2006 g g , y– Continuity supply of unleaded gasoline ????– Open up private sector to provide unleaded gasoline in
Indonesia (Downstream Govt Regulation No 36/2004))Indonesia (Downstream Govt. Regulation No. 36/2004))– Use of additives as octane booster taking into account health,
environment and automotive industries consideration
• Increased use of natural gas for transport to reduce gasoline market demand– Draft Presidential Instruction (Decree) on CNG already submitted
by MoEMR through stakeholders study by MoE. Jakarta at present already using CNG for busway program.
National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) (Presidential Reg. No. 5/2006)(Presidential Reg. No. 5/2006)
National Energy Mix 2025:National Energy Mix 2025:
Biofuel
• Competition between food supply and fuelL d il bilit• Land availability
• Financial aspect (subsidies, tax)p ( , )
3. Inspection & Maintenance
Under traffic and road transportation Act I&M is under MoTUnder traffic and road transportation Act, I&M is under MoT
MoE responsible for developing emission standards for in-used vehiclesvehicles
Local government initiatives includes developing emission standards, I&M l ti d bli iI&M regulation and public campaign
Result of Emission Test in 12 Cities (2007)
4. Environmentaly Sustainable Transport (EST)
• Modal shift from private car to public transportationpublic transportation
• Promote non-motorized vehicle– Walking along 1 km reduce CO2
around 222 gr• Developing MRT• Introduce EST concepts among• Introduce EST concepts among
stakeholderD l i it i f l ti EST• Developing criteria for evaluating EST implementation in big cities
CriteriaCriteria Chosen
Shortlist indicators…(1/2)(Most likely available indicator for Indonesian condition)
I. Awareness level and effort to minimize air pollutions problem 1. Is local government conducting air
quality monitoring for transportation 2. Budget allocation for air quality
monitoring 3. Air quality monitoring activities 4. Program activity to reduce air
contamination level from traffic effect a. Activity type in reducing air
contamination level from traffic effect b. Number of programs/activities
Shortlist indicators…(2/2)
II. Urban Characteristics1. Measurements of air pollution
contaminate from traffic2. Urban traffic performance
a Speed operationa. Speed operation b. Traffic density (traffic volume ratio
t d iti /VCR)to road capacities/VCR)c. Average daily journey d. Public transport utility
Note: Data available at Local Transport Depts
Artist Impression at Dharmala Flyover (Blue line Alignment)
5. Public participation
• Improving awareness regarding air quality issuesissues
• Access to information• Emission contests among offices• Developing NGO/society movement on• Developing NGO/society movement on
AQM issues
Issue related with climate change…..
Energy securityEnergy securityAir quality and health
T ffi d ti
Co-benefits of Climate
Traffic and congestion Quality of life
of Climate change
mitigation
Economic developmentTransport efficiencyTransport efficiency
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM, MoE
RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN INDONESIA
NO AREA ACTIVITIES OUTPUT LOCATION
1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTROL OPEN BURNING CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION24 METROPOLITAN
& LARGE CITIES
3R PROGRAM WASTE AMOUNT REDUCTION
METHANE RECOVERY PROGRAM METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION
2
RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM (SMALL MEDIUM INUSTRIES &DOMESTIC
REDUCED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TO RIVERS
WASTE REDUCTION10 METROPOLITAN
AND LARGE CITIESWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
&DOMESTIC
3INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION CONTROL
REDUCED POLLUTION LOAD FROM WASTE WATER AND EMISSIONS
AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION (SOx, NOx,PARTICULATES)
1000 INDUSTRIESEMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME FOR
INDUSTRIESWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
4 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
WASTE MINIMISATION CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION 10 SMALL SCALE CENTRAL INDUSTRIES
WASTE UTILIZATION (BIOMASS TO BIOGAS)
METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION
5 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (EST)
(SOx, NOx,PARTICULATES) 24 METROPO-
LITAN & LARGE CITIES
FUEL QUALITY MONITORING CLEANER FUEL
EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME FOR TRANSPORT
CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTIONTRANSPORT
6 POLLUTION INVENTORY
SOLID WASTE EMISSIONS FACTOR FROM INDUSTRIES AND TRANSPORT
VALUATION OF EMISSIONS FACTOR IN INDONESIAN
WASTE WATER
EMISSIONS
Indonesia’s Action Plan for Climate Change
• MitigationEnergy sector– Energy sector
– LULUCF (Land use, land use change & F )Forestry) sector
Energy sector :Energy sector :TransportationIndustryIndustryPower planDomestic & commercial
Transportation Sector
• 2007-2009– GHG inventory and potential reductionGHG inventory and potential reduction– Mass transportation planning which has low GHG
emission– Usage of renewable energy
• 2012-20252012 2025– Emission reduction target of 30% BAU (Business as
usual))– Operate mass transportation system in big cities
• 2025-20502025 2050– Emission reduction target of 50% BAU (Business as
usual)u ua )
Countermeasures
•• Land use planning Land use planning Fi i l h i i i ti fFi i l h i i i ti f•• Financial mechanism: economic incentives for Financial mechanism: economic incentives for fuel, env. friendly motor vehiclesfuel, env. friendly motor vehicles
•• Law enforcement Law enforcement •• Sustainability supply of cleaner fuelSustainability supply of cleaner fuely pp yy pp y•• More efficient car fuel consumption More efficient car fuel consumption • Self declaration: consumption fuel exhaust gas• Self declaration: consumption fuel, exhaust gas
emission including CO2 for new type vehicles