AIRBORNE DISEASES/DROPLET

AIRBORNE DISEASES/DROPLET

• Chicken pox

• Measles

• Diphtheria

• Mumps

CHICKEN POX

CHICKEN POX

• Etiologic agent:– Human herpes virus 3 (Varicella-Zoster virus)

• Source:– Secretion of respiratory tract– Lesions on skin– Contagious 1-2 days before appearance of

exanthem

CHICKEN POX

• Description:– Acute, infectious– Sudden onset with slight fever– Macupapular rash – Vesicular lesions (3-4 days)

• Herpes zoster (shingles)– Recurrent infection

• Lesions – more on covered than exposed parts of the body (scalp/mucus membrane of resp tract)

• Causes, incidence, and risk factors• After you get chickenpox, the virus remains inactive (becomes dormant) in certain nerves in

the body. Shingles occurs after the virus becomes active again in these nerves years later.• The reason the virus suddenly becomes active again is not clear. Often only one attack occurs.• Shingles may develop in any age group, but you are more likely to develop the condition if:• You are older than 60• You had chickenpox before age 1• Your immune system is weakened by medications or disease• If an adult or child has direct contact with the shingles rash and did not have chickenpox as a

child or a chickenpox vaccine, they can develop chickenpox, not shingles.Expectations (prognosis)• Herpes zoster usually clears up in 2 to 3 weeks and rarely returns. If the virus affects the

nerves that control movement (the motor nerves), you may have temporary or permanent weakness or paralysis.

• Sometimes, the pain in the area where the shingles occurred may last from months to years. This pain is called postherpetic neuralgia.

• Postherpetic neuralgia is more likely to occur in people over age 60. It occurs when the nerves have been damaged after an outbreak of shingles. Pain ranges from mild to very severe.

CHICKEN POX

• Mode of transmission:– Direct contact / droplet

• Incubation period:– 2-3 weeks

CHICKEN POX

• Period of Communicability:– Not more than 1 day before and not more

than 6 days after appearance of vesicles– Severe in adults– Attack confers life long immunity– 2nd attacks are rare

CHICKEN POX

• Methods of Prevention:– Exclusion from school/work– Varicella zoster Ig– Vaccine– Acyclovir (DOC)

MEASLES

MEASLES

• Etiologic agent:– Rubeola

• Source of infection:– Secretion of nose and throat

MEASLES

• Description:– Acute– Highly communicable– Fever– Coryza (2 days)– Koplik spots– Rash appears on 3rd / 4th day– Ends with desquamation

MEASLES

• Description:– Death is due to complications:

• Secondary pneumonia• Usually children under 2 years old• Severe among malnurished children

A pneumonia that develops as a secondary disorder from other diseases that weaken the lungs or the body's immune system..

MEASLES

• Mode of Transmission– Droplet spread– Direct contact– Articles freshly soiled with secretion of nose

and throat• Incubation period

– 10 days from exposure to appearance of fever – 14 days until rash appears

MEASLES

• Period of Communicability:– Period of coryza

• Susceptibility:– Babies born of mothers who had the disease

before the baby is born are immune for the first months of life

– Permanent acquired immunity is after an attack of measles

MEASLES

• Susceptibility:– Alters immune system and predisposes

to reactivation of Tb.

MEASLES

• Measures of Prevention and Control– Avoid exposure to any person with fever or

other symptoms– Isolation of cases from diagnosis– Disinfect articles– Measles immune globulin– vaccine

Diphtheria

DIPHTHERIA

• Etiologic agent:– Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Source of infection:– Discharge and secretion

• Nose • Nasopharynx• Skin lesions

DIPHTHERIA

• Period of Communicability: – Until bacilli is present in the lesions

• Immunity– Infants born of mothers who had diphtheria

are immune but disappears before the 6th month

DIPHTHERIA

• Prevention– Immunization with toxoid– DPT

• Treatment– Erythromycin– Penicillin

MUMPS

MUMPS (INFECTOUS PAROTITIS)

• Etiologic agent:– Mumps virus

• Source:– Secretion of nose and mouth

• Mode of transmission:– Direct contact– articles

MUMPSSYMPTOMS:

Fever Swelling and tenderness of salivary glands

COMPLICATIONS: Orchitis Oophoritis Deafness Pancreatitis Mastitis

MUMPS

• Treatment– Prophylaxis

• Live attenuated vaccine– Active treatment

• Average case before puberty needs little attention• After puberty:

– Adults should remain in bed until fever and swelling have been absent for atleast 4 days because of danger of glandular complications

MUMPS

• Treatment– Antimicrobials for complications:

• Erythromycin• Co-amoxiclav• Dicloxacillin• Cephalexin