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transcript
Aircraft performance monitoring
April 2013
Presented bySteve BARKER / Senior Performance Engineer
Regional Seminar
Aircraft performance monitoring
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 2
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 3
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 3
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Definition
• Procedure of determination of the actual performance level of each airplane of the fleet versus the manufacturer’s book level through analysis of data gathered in operations
• Book level• established by the aircraft manufacturer as a result of theoretical
analysis and test flights• Flight Crew Operating Manual• IFP, FLIP or APM software
(part of the Performance Engineers’ Package)
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 4
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Definition
• Baseline level • established at the entry into service of an individual aircraft during
the acceptance flight or delivery flight• can be above or below the book level
• Trends• performance levels are measured over time so that trends are
identified• the baseline level is the starting point for the trend monitoring
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 5
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Aim• To adjust the performance factor of
• the computerised flight plan• the FMS predictions
• To monitor the aircraft condition periodically in order to analyze the trend of a given tail number or of a whole fleet
• To identify any degraded aircraft within the fleet and take the necessary corrective actions:• Maintenance actions• Operational recommendations
• Regulatory requirement from authorities for ETOPS and reduced reserves operations
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 6
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 7
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 7
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Three commonly used methods
• The fuel used method
• The fuel on board method
• The specific range method
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 8
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• The fuel used method
• measurement of the fuel burnt by the aircraft in level flight (stabilized cruise) over a significantly long time leg
• comparison to the fuel prediction of the Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM, Volume 2, Flight Planning sections) or the High Speed Performance calculation program developed by Airbus Industrie (the IFP program).
• Compares the IFP model to the actual aircraft in cruise
Advantage:
Smoothes variations in recorded parameters over the recording period
Disadvantage:
Tedious manual recording of data in flight
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 9
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• The fuel burn off method
• comparison of the aircraft performance over a complete flight with the one forecasted by the computerized flight planning
• the actual aircraft performance is corrected depending on the differences between the actual flight profile and the predicted one.
• Compares the IFP model to actual aircraft over a all phases of a flight
Advantage:
Easy to implement
Disadvantage:
Accumulation of errors due to differences between CFP and the actual flight
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 10
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• The specific range method• The data observed in flight represents punctual (instantaneous)
airframe/engine performance capability. • The data is recorded during stable cruise flight legs and is used
to determine:• the actual specific range,• the delta specific range in percentage relative to the book
level (predicted specific range),• the delta EPR/N1 required to maintain the flight conditions,• the delta fuel flow resulting from this delta EPR/N1,• the delta fuel flow required to maintain this delta EPR/N1.
• Compares the IFP model to actual aircraft
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 11
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Aircraft Model
Real Aircraft
CruisePoint
GWCGEPRBleedsMachTATFuel Flow...
Theoretical N1 or EPR
Theoretical Fuel Flow
Calculated Fuel Flow
Actual Fuel Flow
A/C
Airframe*
Actual N1 or EPR
* Only if engine thrust to N1/EPR relationship same as model
Engine Model
Real Engine
Engine Model
Engine*
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 12
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Calculated Fuel Flow A/C
DSR: Delta Specific Range
Aircraft Model
Real Aircraft
CruisePoint
GWCGEPRBleedsMachTATFuel Flow...
Theoretical N1 or EPR
Actual N1 or EPR
Engine Model
Real Engine
Engine Model
Theoretical Fuel Flow
Actual Fuel Flow
DSR
DSR: Delta Specific RangeDFFA, DFFB: Delta Fuel Flow A, B
Airframe*DFFA
Engine*DFFB
Performance monitoring principle2
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 13
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 14
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 14
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Engines
80%Fan blade Leading Edge erosion
Blended blades (FOD)
Fan rubstrip wear
Fan & Compressor dirt
High time engine core deterioration
System settings
Nacelle air leakage
Causes of deterioration3
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 15
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Airframe
20%Aerodynamic surface misrigging
Seals missing or damaged
Doors not flush or leaking
Rough or deformed surfaces
Chipped paint
Dirty aircraft
Airbus experience is that this is no more than 1 to 1.5% DSR for an aircraft in bad condition
Causes of deterioration3
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 16
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Examples of aerodynamic degradationExternal Patches
Causes of deterioration3
Peeling Paint
Misrigged Slat
Misrigged SpoilerMismatched Doors
Rough or Damaged Panels
Repaired Lightning Damage
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 17
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 18
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 18
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Flight planning• If the Computerised Flight Plan is based on new aircraft performance,
deteriorated aircraft will burn more trip fuel than planned. Planned reserve fuel will also be optimistic.
Implications4
• Flight operations• The Flight Management System (FMS) fuel prediction function (FOB
at Destination, Alternate, Extra Time, etc) will initially show values close to CFP, but these values will decrease as the flight continues.
• Crew confidence• If no action is taken at the dispatch level, the aircrew will lose
confidence in the fuel planning and will start adding their own reserves. They will normally overcompensate.
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 19
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Perception• Operators with no previous knowledge of aircraft monitoring are often
surprised by the deterioration, and believe that there is a problem with the aircraft.
Implications4
• Operations• Extra fuel due to aircraft deterioration may impact payload, and in the
worst case make some routes not viable for some tail numbers.
• Operating costs• As fuel is a major component of costs, any increase significantly
affects the overall operating costs. In addition, overcompensation of reserves also increases fuel burn and costs.
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 20
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Assuming a 5% fuel burn increaseover one year
490 000 kg more fuel
1 400 000 kg more fuel
1 860 000 kg more fuel
Implications4
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 21
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 22
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 22
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Major improvements are difficult without engine change
• However
Performance recovery5
• Major improvements are difficult without engine change
• However• Regular engine core wash reduces deposits helps
• Major improvements are difficult without engine change
• However• Regular engine core wash reduces deposits helps• Keeping an aircraft clean helps
• Major improvements are difficult without engine change
• However• Regular engine core wash reduces deposits helps• Keeping an aircraft clean helps• Aircraft should be well maintained aerodynamically• Engines systems, bleeds, etc. should be kept in trim and functioning
properly
• Major improvements are difficult without engine change
• However• Regular engine core wash reduces deposits helps• Keeping an aircraft clean helps• Aircraft should be well maintained aerodynamically• Engines systems, bleeds, etc. should be kept in trim and functioning
properly
• Remember that trend monitoring of APM results can detectaerodynamic or engine system irregularities
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 23
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 24
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 24
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Performance trending:• Allows trending over flight hours, flight cycles:
• For individual tail numbers• For the whole fleet.
• Can be used as a trigger condition for corrective actions.
Performance Monitoring
Evolut ion versus number of flight cycles
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500
Number of T/O from EIS
Spec
ific
Ran
ge D
evia
tion
(%) f
rom
IFP
PERFO RM A N CE I N REV EN U E SERV I C E
EV O LU T I O N SI N CE EI S
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
00.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
Quarters from EIS
Spec
ific
Ran
ge D
evia
tion
from
IFP
(%)
APM results6
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 25
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Changing the fuel factor• Technique 1 - Step Fuel Factors:
• Fuel factor is changed when a difference of more than a given percentage is noticed between the new figure and the last retained one.
APM results6
2.402.50
2.702.80
2.90
2.602.80
3.002.80
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Jun 12 Jul 12 Aug 12 Sep 12 Oct 12 Nov 12 Dec 12 Jan 13 Feb 13
Mon
itore
d fu
el fa
ctor
(%)
Actual monitored fuel factor Retained monitored fuel factor
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 26
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Changing the fuel factor• Technique 2 - Smoothed Fuel Factors:
• Monitored fuel factors are averaged using a rolling average technique over say three months.
APM results6
2.402.50
2.702.80
2.90
2.602.80
3.002.80
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Jun 12 Jul 12 Aug 12 Sep 12 Oct 12 Nov 12 Dec 12 Jan 13 Feb 13
Mon
itore
d fu
el fa
ctor
(%)
Actual monitored fuel factor Retained monitored fuel factor
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 27
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Contents
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 28
What is aircraft performance monitoring?1
Page 28
Performance monitoring principle2
Causes of deterioration3
Implications4
Performance recovery5
APM results6
Conclusion7
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
• Routine aircraft performance monitoring identifies trends
• First step towards the identification of a aircraft degradation
• Aid to monitor the shift of the aircraft performance level
• Particular attention to degraded aircraft within the fleet
• Determination of ABSOLUTE aircraft performance level is NOT the goal
Conclusion7
April 2013Aircraft performance monitoring
Page 29
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
April 2013Noise abatement recommendations
© AIRBUS China LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS China LTD. No intellectual property rights aregranted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS China LTD. This document and itscontent shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith.Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS China LTD. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.
Page 30
Thank you
Xie xie
谢谢