Alanus Mathison Turing - Vicipaedia

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27.2.2015 AlanusMathisonTuringVicipaedia

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StatuainVivarioSackvilleAlanumTuringcommemorat.

AlanusMathisonTuringEVicipaedia

AlanusMathisonTuring,vulgoAlanTuring(natusLondinidie23Iunii1912mortuusWilmslowinCestriadie7Iunii1954)fuitmathematicus,logicus,cryptographus,etperitusscientiaecomputatralisAnglicus.

TuringsaepehabeturpatermodernaescientiaecomputatralisquoniamconformationempotentemnotionisalgorithmietcomputationismachinaeTuringexcogitavit.Interea,cumexamenTuring,cogitationes,utfierisolet,addisputationemdeartificialiintellegentiaincitatricescommunicavit:umquamnepoterimusdiceremachinamsentireetcogitare.Departibusquasilleincomputatrishodierniscreandisegit,Time,periodicumAmericanum,Turingunumexcentumgravissimissaeculihominibusnominans,"Profecto"inquit"quisquiscomputatrimalleolotactotabulamcalculatoriamautprogrammaeditoriumaperit,incarnationicuidammachinaeTuringoperatur."[1]

TuringapudPhysicumCivitatisLaboratoriumoperatuscomputatrumACI[2]excogitavit,unamexprimisdescriptionibuscomputatriprogrammatibuscoacervatis?,quippecumhoccomputatrumnumquamomninoconstructumsit.Anno1948,adUniversitatemVictoriamMancuniensemremigravitutinManchesterMark1,unoexmundiprimiscomputatrisveris,laboraret.

BellomundanosecundoTuringinnuntiispernotasscriptisexplanandislaboravitpraetorioGCHQinpraedioBletchleyPark,ubiBritanniaetabulariumcryptanalyticumtuncsitumerat.PaulisperpraetoriipartiHut8praefuit,cuinotaenavalesGermanorumexplanandaeerantmandatae.NonnullasrationesadsecretasGermanorumnotasrimandasexcogitavit,interquasrationembombedictam,machinamelectromechanicam,quaconfigurationesmachinaeAenigmatisinveniripoterant.

Adhomophylophiliampropensus,Turingeavixitaetate,quahomophylophilia,animimorbushabita,legeopprimebatur."Detectus"(outed),iudicioaccusatus,damnatus,ipsenullomodoiterumpotuitoperamsuamlocare.Venenocyanidiobiitpaulopost,inrebusquaemateretaliiputabantdubiis.Die10Septembris2009,postmotuminterretialem,GordonBrownprimusministerproadministrationeBritannicaapologiamcoramomnibusfecitobpublicamergaTuringsaevitiampostbellum.[3]

Index

1Pueritiaetiuventus2Universitasetoperacomputabilitatidata



CameracomputatralisnominaturproTuring,quiibifactusestdiscipulusanno1931etsociusanno1935.

3Cryptanalysis3.1BombaTuringWelchman3.2Hut8etAenigmaNavale

4PrimacomputatraetexamenTuring4.1Turingetscacchi

5Formatioexemplorumetbiologiamathematica6Cladesinvidiae7Mors8ReceptiopostTuringmortuum

8.1Civitates8.2UrbsMancunium8.3Universitates8.4Gregesetsocietates8.5Ludusscaenicus8.6Apologia

9Videetiam10Notae11Bibliographia12Nexusexterni

12.1Commentarii

Pueritiaetiuventus

TuringChhatrapurinoppidoOrissaeinIndiaconceptusest(Hodges1983:5).Pater,IuliusMathisonTuring,fuitpraefectusinMinisterioCiviliIndiano(IndianCivilService).Iuliusetuxor,Sara,nataStoney(18811976),filiaEdwardiWallerStoney,primiHamaxostichiMadrasmachinatoris,filiuminAngliaadolescerevolentes,MaidamVallempropeLondiniumiterummigraverunt,[4]ubiAlanusTuringnatusest23Iunii1912,sicutsignocaeruleoextrinsecusinaedificio,nuncColonnadeHotel,declaratur(Hodges1983:5).[5]Eifuitfratermaiornatu,Ioannes.Patreiamcommissoinministeriocivili,parentesinterGuildfordetIndiamsaepeperegrinaverunt,etamboigiturpuericumsuisHastingaemanebant.[6]

Turingpuermanifestumreddiditingeniiquodexcellentiusaliquantopostostentabat(Jones2001).Admathematicamscientiamquesecundumnaturampropensus,ismagninonaestimatusestabnonnullisapudSherbornepraeceptoribus,quorumdefinitioeducationisoptimosantiquorumlibrosvehementiusdixit.Scholaecaputadparentesscripsit:"Speroeuminterduasscholasnoncadere.Sieiinscholapublicanecesseestmanere,debetconarifierieducatus.Sieritsolumspecialistascientificus,tempusinscholapublicaperdit"(Hodges1983:26).

Nihilominus,Turing,potestatemsingulareminstudiisquaeamabatexhibens,quaestionesarduasanno1927explicavit,adeosinecognitionemcalculielementarii.Anno1928,aetatis16,isinopereAlbertiEinsteininciditnonsolumeumintellexit,sedetiamanticipavitEinsteinlegesmotusNewtoniindubiumvocavissedecommentarioinquohocnunquamfactumestapertum(Hodges1983:34).



AmicitiacumChristophoroMorcom,aliodiscipuloetprimoamasio,TuringspiritumerexitMorcomautempaucaspatiaseptemdierumpostinitiumeorumultimi"semestris"apudSherbornetuberculosibovino,aquopuercontaminatolactebibitocontactuserat,devitasubitodecessit(Teuscher2004).Fidereligiosapropediemamissa,Turingfortiterfactusestatheista,etadsententiamaccessitomnesres,facultatibuscerebrihumanicomprehensis,essecorporeas(Grayn.d.).

Universitasetoperacomputabilitatidata

QuoniamTuringinstudiisoptimorumantiquorumlibrorumtamindustriequaminscientiamathematicaquenoluitlaborare,subsidiuminCollegioTrinitatisapudCantabrigiensesnonabstulititaquefactusestdiscipulusinCollegioRegali,ubiabanno1931ad1934studebat,gradumegregiumaccepit,etanno1935proptervimdissertationis(detheorematelimitismedii),sociuscollegiielectusest.

Incommentario"OnComputableNumbers,withanApplicationtotheEntscheidungsproblem"(1937a,1937b),TuringCurtiiGdelexitus(1931)delimitibusprobationiscomputationisquereformulavit,etinlocoGdeluniversalislinguaeinarithmeticaconlocatae,proposuitmachinasnuncappellatasmachinasTuring,resformalessimplicesque.Probavittalemmachinamposseexsequiquamlibetquaestionemmathematicamsidepictasitalgorithmus.MachinaeTuringadtempussuntpraecipuaeintheoriacomputationisstudiires.

Turingdeinde,primoquaestionemconsistendi(haltingproblem)machinarumTuringesseincertammonstrans,quaestioniEntscheidungsproblemnonessesolutionemprobavit,quiaperalgorithmum,nonpossumusdecernerenumquaevismachinaTuringinuniversumumquamconsistatur.EtsieiusargumentumpostAlonziChurchargumentumdeeiuscalculolambdadivulgatumest,inventumTuringestaliquantumfaciliusetsubtilius.Eiusnovitasfuitnotio"Universae(Turing)Machinae,"notioquodtalismachinapotestoperacuiusvisaliaemachinaeexsequi.Libellusetiamnotionemnumerorumdefinabiliumposuit.

AbSeptembre1936adIulium1938,laboravitpraecipueapudInstitutumproStudiisPromotis(InstituteforAdvancedStudy)inUniversitatePrincetoniensi,abAlonzoChurchdoctus.Mathematicaeetcryptologiaestuduit,ettresexquattuorbinariimultiplicatoriselectromechanicipartibusconstruxit(Hodges1983:138).MenseIunio1938gradumPh.D.apudPrincetoniensesobtinuiteiusdissertationotionemcomputationisrelativae?proposuit,ubimachinaeTuringamachinisoraculiadiuvantur,utliceantstudiaquaestionumquaeamachinaTuringsolvinonpossunt.

IterumCantabrigiaehabitans,TuringLudoviciWittgensteinacroasisdefundamentismathematicaeaudivit(Hodges1983:152),dequoambohominesdisputabantetintersedissentiebant.TuringformalismummathematicumdefenditWittgensteinautemhabuitmathematicamveritatesabsolutasnoncognoscere,sedpotiusexcogitare(Hodges1983:153154).

Cryptanalysis

PersecundumbellummundanumTuringfuitunusexmathematicisinconatibusapudHortumBletchley,stationemGCCS(GovernmentCodeandCypherSchool)bellitempore,adnotasGermanassolvendas.AdhibensopuscryptanalysisinPoloniaaMarianoRejewski,JerzyRzycki,etHenricoZygalskiinCipherBureauantebellumfactum,ipsegravissimasnotionesadmachinasAenigmaetLorenzSZ40/42(machinamauxiliaremTeletype,aBritannicis"Tunny"appellatam)comprehensascontribuit,etpaulisperfactusestcaputHut8,partispropositiquaenavalesnotasGermanasexplanareconabatur.



DuaecasaeinareastabuliapudHortusBletchley,ubilaboravitTuringabanno1939anannum1940,cumadHut8remigravit.

Replicamachinaebombe

PostSeptembrem1938,TuringinScholaProgrammatumetNotarumGubernativa,Britannicacryptologiaesocietate,cumDillyKnox,maiorevironotarumperitoGCCSaliquantumconlaborabat(Copeland2001:352).Die4Septembris1939,postridiediemcumRegnumBritanniarumbellumGermaniaeindixisset,TuringseadHortumBletchley,bellicamGCCSstationem,rettulit(Copeland2006:378).

BombaTuringWelchman

Nonnullaseptemdierumspatiapostaccessus,designaveratTuringmachinamelectromechanicamquaepotuiadiuvareAenigmasolutumceleriusquambombaanni1932instrumentumdeductumde,etnominatumpro,primabomba,inPoloniadesignata.Haecbomba,cumaccessioneamathematicoGordonWelchmanexcogitata,factaestunumexprimoruminstrumentorum,etpraecipuuminstrumentumautomaticum,quocryptographiciBritannici

nuntiosperAenigmamissossedediderunt.

I.J.Good,professoretcryptographus,quicumTuringapudHortumBletchleyconlaborabat,postait:"Turing'smostimportantcontribution,Ithink,wasofpartofthedesignofthebombe,thecryptanalyticmachine.Hehadtheideathatyoucoulduse,ineffect,atheoreminlogicwhichsoundstotheuntrainedearratherabsurdnamelythatfromacontradiction,youcandeduceeverything."[7]

BombaconfigurationesfortasserectasadnuntiumAenigmatismissumadhibitas(ordinemrotorum,configurationesrotorum,etc.)petivit,etaccommodatocribprobabilesolutaeorationis(Anglice:plaintext)fragmentousaest.Prounaquaquepossibilerotorumconfiguratione(quofuitfere1019

statuum,vel1022inAenigmatibusexnavibusUquibusfueruntquattuorrotores(sedplurimisAenigmatibusfuerunttresrotores)(Good2003),[8]bomba,incribconditaetelecronibusfacta,catenamdeductionumlogicarumexsecutaest.Turingbombadie18Martii1940inaugurataest(Hodges1983:191).Adbellifinem,plusquamducentaebombaeeffectumhabebant(CopelandetProudfoot2004).

Hut8etAenigmaNavale

MenseDecembre1940,TuringsystemaindicatorisAenigmatisNavalis,quodmathematicefuitinvolutiusquamsystemataindicatorisquibusaliaepartesutebantur,solvit,ettheoremaBayes,rationemstatisticam"Banburismum"(verbumcircaannum1940factum,abinitioLatinum)appellatam,adAenigmaNavalerefringendummoxexcogitavit.Scritchmoutens,banburismuspotuitexcluderequosdamrotorumAenigmatisordines,ergobreviusfaciendotempusquopositabombarumtemptatasunt.

Temporevernoanni1941,TuringutinmatrimoniumJoanClarke(conlaboratoreminHut8)duceretposuit,sedeipactionemnuptialemmutuosummaaestatesustulerunt.



MenseIulio1942,TuringrationemexcogitavitappellatamTuringismum(verbumabinitioLatinum)velAnglicepura"Turingery,"utadmotasitcontranotasLorenzadhibitasinnovaGermanorummachinaGeheimschreiber('scriptorecelato'),unaexmachinisaTuringetsuisclamappellatam"Fish"('Piscem').TuringgregemFishadTommyFlowersintroduxit,quideinde,subMaximiNewmandirectione,computatrumColossusconstruxit,primummundielectronicumcomputatrumdigitaleetprogrammabile,quodinlocomachinarumsimpliciorummoxsubdidit(Copeland2006:72).TemporeapudHortumBletchley,Turing,ingeniosuslonginquitatiscursor,Londiniumquadragintakilometraaliquandocucurritutcongressuscryptographorumfrequentaret(Brown1975).

MenseNovembri1942,TuringadCivitatesFoederatasAmericaenavigavit.AdHortumBletchleyMartio1943rediit.

Anno1945,TuringproofficiisperbellumadOrdinemImperiiBritanniciadmissusest,sedsuaoperaproBritanniamultosannossecretamanebat.BiographiaaRegaliSocietateposteiusmortemmoxdivulgatainquit:"Treslibelliinsignesrecensantebellum,detribusrebusmathematicis,monstrantqualitatemoperisquodisproduxisset...."

PrimacomputatraetexamenTuring

Abanno1945adannum1947,laboravitapudNationalPhysicalLaboratoryinACE(AutomaticComputingEngine)designatum.Acroasinlegitdie19Februarii1946,inquofuitprimadescriptiodesingulisactacomputatriprogrammatibusservatis(Copeland2006:108).Anno1947exeunte,Cantabrigiamremigravitproannosabbaticali.?Cantabrigiae,eoabsente,GubernatorACE(PilotACE)aedificatusest,quodsuumprimumprogrammadie10Maii1950fecit.

Anno1948,TuringcreatusestLectorinScholaMathematicarumapudPartemMathematicamUniversitatisVictoriaeMancuniensis.Anno1949,factusestlegatuslaboratoriicomputationisapudUniversitatemMancuniensemdirector.Texai.orgpropositumhocconsiliuminivit.[9]

Turingetscacchi

Anno1948,Turing,cumdiscipuloD.G.Champernownelaboransprocomputatroquodnoniamexcogitatumerat!programmaadscacchosludendosdescriberecoepit.Anno1952,computatroaccommodatocarenti,Turingludolusitinquoipsecomputatrumsimulavit,[10]sedprogrammaabAlickGlennie,socioTuring,superatumestferturautemprogrammaludumcontrauxoremChampernownevicisse.

Formatioexemplorumetbiologiamathematica

Abanno1952admortem,Turinginbiologiamathematicalaborabat,praecipueinmorphogenesi,dequounumcommentarium,"TheChemicalBasisofMorphogenesis,"anno1952edidit,hypothesinTuringformationisexemplorumdescribens.[11]TuringpotissimuminbiologiamathematicavoluitcomprehendereFibonacciiphyllotaxin,existentiamnumerorumFibonacciiinconformationibusplantarum.Adhibuitaequationesreactionisdiffusionisquaenuncmagnimomentisuntindisciplinaformationisexemplorum.Additicommentariiprimumanno1992divulgatisunt,cumCollectedWorksofA.M.Turingeditisunt.

Cladesinvidiae



SignumcaeruleumTuringdomumdesignat.

Anno1952,ArnoldusMurray,undevigintiannosnatu,novusTuringamicus(Hodges1983:449455),cumaliohomine,inrupuitinTuringdomum,etTuringdelictumurbanaesecuritatiscuraerettulit.Perinvestigationemcurialem,TuringipsumhabuisseconiunctionemsexualemcumMurrayconfessusest.Actushomophylophiliae,eventusanimimorbiditunchabiti,fueruntcontralegesBritanniae.Delictosiccognito,TuringetMurrayturpitudinisfoedaesubsectioneundecimaLegisEmendationisCriminalisanni1885accusatisunt.TuringnonpaenitensconvictusestineodemscelerequoAnschariusWildeplusquamquingentaannosanteconvictuserat(Leavitt2006:268).

OptioTuringdataestutrumincarceremconicianexsecationemchemicalemhormonibuspatiutlibidodeminui.Utcarceremvitet,estrogeniiniectionesidentidemunumannumaccepit.Suosecurityclearanceabhacconvictioneabolito,eiprohibitumestnecontinuetparticepsapudGCHQinrebuscryptographicis.Turingnumquamspeculationishostilisaccusatusest,sed,sicutomnesquiapudHortumBletchleylaboraverant,einonlicuiteiuslaboremperbellummentionemfacere.

Mors

Turingdie8Iunii1954aservoinventusestmortuusproximodie,cyanidivenenoobierat,utvideturdemalosemesopropelectumreperto.Malumipsumprocontaminationecyanidinonprobatumest,sedexaminatiocorporispostmortemcausammortisfuissevenenumcyanidiprobavit.Plurimihodieputanteumsuasponteobisse,etmagistratusquidemortuisinquirithancmortemappellavitvoluntariam.Materautemstrenuedisputavitingestionemfuissefortuitampropteripsiusnegligentiainlaboratoriichemiciscoacervatis.AndrewHodgesbiographus(1983:488489)opinaturTuringsicsibimortemconscivissecogitate,utmatrisitverisimilisnegatio(plausibledeniability)aliiopinanturTuringfabulamin"NiveCandida,"narratiunculasibigratiosissima,agisse(Ferris2002:250).CorpusincrematorioapudWokingdie12Iunii1954crematumest.

ReceptiopostTuringmortuum

MultismodishodiecommemoratusestTuring.

Civitates

Die23Iunii1998,dienatalisoctogensimosexto,AndreasHodges,biographus,publicumsignumcaeruleumpatrimoniiAngliciapudlocumnataleetdomumpueritiaeinWarringtonCrescentLondinii,nuncColonnadeHotel,dedicavit.[12][13]Utquinquagensimuseiusmortisfestusdiesanniversariusobservaretur,signummemorialedie7Iunii2004apudHollymeade,eiusdomumWilmslowinvicoMancuniiMeridionalis,coeptumest.

Die13Martii2000,administratiocivitatisSt.VincentandTheGrenadines,utgravissimassaeculivicensimiresgestascelebret,notaspostalicasdivulgavit,unaexquibuspicturamAlaniTuringpro0et1redintegrantibusmonstrat,dicta"1937:AlanTuring'stheoryofdigitalcomputing"('1937:AlaniTuringtheoriacomputationisdigitalis').

Die19Iunii2007apudHortumBletchley,statuaTuring,magnitudinehominisvivi,patefactaest.StephanusKettleeamexferequingentimiliisfragmentorum"slate"?Cambricisculpserat.[14]



UrbsMancunium

TributaTuringfactasuntMancunii,quainurbeTuringintegraaetatelaborabat.

Anno1994,parsViaeA6010(anularisviaeintermediataeurbanae)nominataest"ViaAlaniTuring"(Anglice:AlanTuringWay)pontequihancviamportatamplificato,nomennuncfert"PontisAlanTuring"(AlanTuringBridge).

MemorialisTuringstatuainurbedie23Iunii2001dicataest,inHortoSackvilleinteraedificiumUniversitatisMancuniensisinViaWhitworthet"vicumhomosexualem"apudViamCanalemsita.

CelebratiovitaererumquegestarumTuringaBritannicoLogiciConloquio?(BritishLogicColloquium)etBritannicaHistoriaeMathematicaeSocietatis(BritishSocietyfortheHistoryofMathematics)constitutadie5Iunii2004apudUniversitatemMancuniensemhabitaest,etillaaestateInstitutumAlanusTuringinuniversitatecoeptumest.AedificiumquodScholamMathematicae,InstitutumScientiarumPhotonium?(PhotonSciencesInstitute),etSedemAstrophysicaeJodrellBank(JodrellBankCentreforAstrophysics)domoexcipit?AedificiumAlanusTuringnominatur,etmenseIuliianni2007coepit.

Universitates

ProTuringconfectionibusincomputatione,variaeuniversititateseumhonoraverunt.

Die28Octobris2004,aeneaAlaniTuringstatuaabIoanneW.MillssculptamanifestaredditaestapudUniversitatemSurreyenseminGuildford.[15]HaecstatuaquinquagensimumTuringmortisfestumdiemanniversariumcelebrateumostenditlibrostranscampumportantem.ViaTuringinuniversitariovivarioinvestigationishancstatuamanteivit.

UnumexaedificiisScholaeTechnologiaeapusUniversitatemOxoniaeBrookesappellaturTuringBuilding.

UniversitasPolytechnicaPuertoRicoetUniversitasAndeanainBogotColumbiae,habentlaboratoriaproTuringnominata.

UniversitasTexanaapudAustinhabethonoribusprogrammascientiaecomputatrorumnominataTuringScholars.

UniversitasIstanbulBilgiconloquiumannumdetheoriacomputationisappellatumTuringDays('DiesTuring')ordinat.[16]

CameracomputatralisinCollegioRegaliCantabrigiensi"TuringRoom"proeonominatur.

ApudUniversitatemCarnegieMellonestscamnumgranitissituminTheHornbostelMall,nomineA.M.Turingtranssuperficiemsculpto,Readdecrurelaevo,etWritededextero.

TheTuringRelay[17]estsexstationumcursusinsemitisfluviatilibusabEliaadCantabrigiametretro.TuringhissemitisususestdumCantabrigiaehabitabat.Inmarathone,eiusoptimumtempusfuit2:46(duaehorae,quadragintasexminutae)optimummunditempussimulfuitcirca2:25.

Gregesetsocietates

SocietasGLBTprideBostoniaeTuringnominaviteiusgrandemanni2006ducem.[18]



Matmos,experimentalismusicorumduorumgrex,cuiussociisuntconiugeshomosexuales,albumEPeditionisfinitae(limitededition)anno2006appellatumForAlanTuringediderunt.

Post1966,PraemiumTuringabSocietateproMachinisComputationis(AssociationforComputingMachinery)investigatoriproprogressutechnicocommunitaticomputationiscontributoquotannisdatur.LatehabeturmundicomputationispraemiumPraemioNobelianopar.[19]

Ludusscaenicus

BreakingtheCode,ludusscaenicusabHughWhitemoreanno1986scriptus,vitammortemqueTuringenarrat.IntheatrisapudWestEndLondinietBroadwayNoviEboraci,DerekJacobipersonamTuringegitpersonamiterumegitanno1997inpelliculatelevisificaexludotracta,aBBCetWGBHBostoniaeconiunctimconfecta.LudusabAmberLanePressOxoniaedivulgatusest.

Apologia

MenseAugusto2009,IoannesGrahamCummingrogationemcoepitquaepoposcitAdministrationemBritannicamseapudTuringdeaccusationedelictihomosexualitatisexcusare.[20][21]

AtqueadeomenseSeptembre2009,BritanniarumministerprimusGordonusBrownseAlanoTuringexcusavitdeiniuriaeiallata,cumdehomophylophiliadamnatuserat."MagnoperesuperbenomineregiminisBritanniciomniumque,quiAlanioperaegratialiberevivunt,aio:nospaenitet.Melioribusdignusfuisti,"Brownscripsit."Minimenimiumestdictuquod,sineeiussubventioneextraordinaria,historiabellimundanisecundimagnopereabhorruisset.[...]Praehacgratiaeihabendainsuperatroxestigitursaevitia,quatantatractatusest."[22]

MenseDecembrisanno2013,reginaElizabethIIamnestiaminnocentiaedehacredavitperParlamentumBritannicumCameraNobilitate.

Videetiam

AestimatiofrequentiaeGoodTuringAnnusAlanusTuringComputingmachineryandintelligenceExamenTuringGradusTuringMachinaenonordinataeMutatorTuringPhilosophiascientiae

Notae

1. "Thefactremainsthateveryonewhotapsatakeyboard,openingaspreadsheetorawordprocessingprogram,isworkingonanincarnationofaTuringmachine"(Gray1999:2(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html)).

2. AngliceAutomaticComputingEngine.3. "PMapologyafterTuringpetition"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm).BBC

News.11September20094. SearchBluePlaques:BluePlaques:Research&Conservation:EnglishHeritageapud



www.englishheritage.org.uk(http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T)LondonBluePlaques.

5. TheAlanTuringInternetScrapbook.(http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html)

6. HastingsBluePlaqueTrail.(http://www.hastingshandbook.co.uk/Archive/HHMar08/FMar08_AlanTuring.shtml)

7. TheMenWhoCrackedEnigma,2003.8. Haccumcondicione:"simeamemoriasitvera(ifmymemoryiscorrect)."9. "BootstrapDialog:AConversationalEnglishTextParsingandGenerationSystem,"inArtificial

GeneralIntelligenceConferenceProceedings,Arlington,(http://texai.org/papers/bootstrapdialogaconversationalenglishparsingandgenerationsystem.pdf)Virginia,(2009).

10. AlanTuringvsAlickGlennie(1952)(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927)

11. "ControlMechanismForBiologicalPatternFormationDecoded,"(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061128093244.htm)inScienceDaily(30Novembris2006).

12. UnveilingtheofficialBluePlaqueonAlanTuring'sBirthplace.(http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html)

13. Dehocsigno.(http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348)14. BletchleyParkUnveilsStatueCommemoratingAlanTuring

(http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html),20Iuni2007].15. TheEarlofWessexunveilsstatueofAlanTuring.

(http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/)16. TuringDays@IstanbulBilgiUniversity.(http://cs.bilgi.edu.tr/pages/turing_days)17. TuringTrailRelay(http://www.turingrelay.co.uk/)18. HonoraryGrandMarshal.(http://www.bostonpride.org/honorarymarshal.php,)19. StevenGeringer,"ACM'STuringAwardPrizeRaisedto$250,000((http://www.acm.org/press

room/newsreleases2007/turingaward/)ACM,27Iulii2007,inventum16Octobris2008).20. BBCNews,"ThousandscallforTuringapology,"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm)31Augusti2009.21. CNN,"PetitionseeksapologyforEnigmacodebreakerTuring,"

(http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html)1Septembris2009.

22. GordonBrown:I'mproudtosaysorrytoarealwarhero(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/gordonbrown/6170112/GordonBrownImproudtosaysorrytoarealwarhero.html)

Bibliographia

Agar,Jon.2002.TheGovernmentMachine.Cambridge,Massachusetts:TheMITPress.ISBN0262012022.Beniger,James.1986.TheControlRevolution:TechnologicalandEconomicOriginsoftheInformationSociety.Cambridge,Massachusetts:HarvardUniversityPress.ISBN0674169867.Bodanis,David.2005.ElectricUniverse:HowElectricitySwitchedontheModernWorld.NoviEboraci:ThreeRiversPress.ISBN0307335984.Brown,AnthonyCave.1975.BodyguardofLies.CampbellKelly,Martin,ed.1994.PassagesintheLifeofaPhilosopher.Londinii:WilliamPickering.ISBN0813520665.CampbellKelly,Martin,etWilliamAspray.1996.Computer:AHistoryoftheInformationMachine.NoviEboraci:BasicBooks.ISBN0465029892.Ceruzzi,Paul.1998.AHistoryofModernComputing.Cambridge,Massachusetts,etLondinii:MITPress.ISBN0262531690.Chandler,Alfred.1977.TheVisibleHand:TheManagerialRevolutioninAmericanBusiness.



Cambridge,Massachusetts:BelknapPress.ISBN0674940520.Copeland,B.Jack.2001."ColossusandtheDawningoftheComputerAge."InActionThisDay.Copeland,B.Jack.2004a."Colossus:ItsOriginsandOriginators."IEEEAnnalsoftheHistoryofComputing26(4):3845.Copeland,B.Jack,ed.2004b.TheEssentialTuring.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0198250797.Copeland,B.Jack,ed.2005.AlanTuring'sAutomaticComputingEngine.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0198565933.Copeland,B.Jack,etDianeProudfoot.2004.AlanTuring,CodebreakerandComputerPioneer.MenseMaio.[1](http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%)20Articles/codebreaker.html.Copeland,B.Jack,etalii,eds.2006.Colossus:TheSecretsofBletchleyPark'sCodebreakingComputers.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780192840554.Edwards,PaulN,1996.TheClosedWorld.Cambridge,Massachusetts:MITPress.ISBN0262550288.Ferris,Timothy.2002.SeeingintheDark.Good,Jack.2003.TheMenWhoCrackedEnigma.Gray,Paul1999.ComputerScientist:AlanTuring.Time(Monday,Mar29),p.2.Textusinterrtialis(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html)Hodges,Andrew.1983.AlanTuring:TheEnigmaofIntelligence.Londinii:BurnettBooks.ISBN0045100608.Hochhuth,Rolf.AlanTuring.Hofstadter,DouglasR.1985.MetamagicalThemas:QuestingfortheEssenceofMindandPattern.BasicBooks.ISBN0465045669.Jones,G.James.2001.AlanTuringTowardsaDigitalMind:Part1.20011211.(SystemToolbox).(http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3)Leavitt,David.2006.TheManWhoKnewTooMuch:AlanTuringandtheInventionoftheComputer.OrionBooks.ISBN9780753822005.Lubar,Steven.1993Infoculture.BostoniaeetNoviEboraci:HoughtonMifflin.ISBN0395570425.Newman,M.H.A.1955.AlanMathisonTuring.RegalisSocietas.BiographicalMemoirsofFellowsoftheRoyalSociety,vol.1.Petzold,Charles.2008.TheAnnotatedTuring:AGuidedTourthroughAlanTuring'sHistoricPaperonComputabilityandtheTuringMachine.Indianapolis:WileyPublishing.ISBN9780470229057.Smith,Roger.1997.FontanaHistoryoftheHumanSciences.Londinii:Fontana.Teuscher,Christof.2004.AlanTuring:LifeandLegacyofaGreatThinker.SpringerScience+BusinessMedia.ISBN3540200207.Turing,A.M.1937a."OnComputableNumbers,withanApplicationtotheEntscheidungsproblem."ProceedingsoftheLondonMathematicalSociety,series2,vol.42:230265.Turing,A.M.1937b."OnComputableNumbers,withanApplicationtotheEntscheidungsproblem:Acorrection."ProceedingsoftheLondonMathematicalSociety,series2,vol.43:544546.Weizenbaum,Joseph.1976.ComputerPowerandHumanReason.Londinii:W.H.Freeman.ISBN0716704633,Whitemore,Hugh.1986.BreakingtheCode.Oxoniae:AmberLanePress.ASIN:B000B7TM0Q.Williams,MichaelR.1985.AHistoryofComputingTechnology.EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:PrenticeHall.ISBN0818677392.Yates,DavidM.1997.Turing'sLegacy:AhistoryofcomputingattheNationalPhysicalLaboratory19451995.Londinii:ScienceMuseum.ISBN0901805947.

Nexusexterni



VicimediaCommuniaplurahabentquaeadAlanusMathisonTuringspectant.

AlanTuringapudwww.turing.org.uk(http://www.turing.org.uk/)SitusabAndreaHodgescustoditus,complectensbrevemTuringbiographiam(http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html)AlanTuringTowardsaDigitalMind,parsprima(http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3)AlanTuring.netTuringArchivefortheHistoryofComputing(http://www.alanturing.net/),aJackCopelandcustoditumBiographiainStanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/)TheTuringArchive(http://www.turingarchive.org),quodhabet"scansofsomeunpublisheddocumentsandmaterialfromtheKingsCollegearchive"Time100:AlanTuring(http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html)AlanusTuringinRKBExplorer(http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/peoplea27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873de0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5})TheMindandtheComputingMachine,disputatiodeAlanoTuringetaliisanno1949habita(http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html)SitusinterretialisdeAnnoAlaniTuring(http://www.turingcentenary.eu/)CiE2012:SitusinterretialisdeConloquioTuringCentumAnnorum(http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/)

Commentarii

LongusTuringcommentariorum,relationum,acroasiumqueindex,cuminterpretationibusetconlectionibus(http://bibnetwiki.org/wiki/Category:Alan_M._Turing_Paper)"OnComputableNumberswithanApplicationtotheEntscheidungsproblem"(PDF)(http://www.thocp.net/biographies/papers/turing_oncomputablenumbers_1936.pdf)

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