Post on 12-Nov-2014
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Li Tsun Sang 52621940Ng Tsz Wa 52622020Chow Lai Yin 52621822Tam Chun Man 52379840Lam Kwok Tung 52610985
• surface water > carrying capacity of the channel
• exceed bankfull stage
• inundation occurs at flat ground (flood-plain) alongside the river banks
Blackspot Scales:
Small - affecting area >0.25 hectares agricultural damage , isolated property damage/ traffic disruption
Medium - affecting area > 10 hectares significant property damage/ serious traffic disruption
Major - affecting area > 100 hectares
serious socio- economic disruption
Source: DSD
Source : DSD
1. Causes of flooding
2. Measures taken by government to tackle flooding
3. Evaluation of gov.’ s effort and suggestion
Natural factors
Weather
Catchment features
Human influence
• Hong Kong has no large rivers. • The larger rivers are mainly in the
northwest, including: Shan Pui River, Shenzhen River, Kam Tin River, Sheung Yue River, and Ng Tung River.
• Mountain• Low lying
Private land developer and government continue change the use of land in north
Land area use to dredge water greatly reduces due to the reconstruction of land.
In order to continence the work of drain flooded, government connect the drains directly from Sheung Shui, Fanling Town Centre to Ng tung river
Rivers in Hong Kong are generally short and small, without a distinctive middle course.
Upper course - steep, many narrow, V-shaped valleys are formed by the prevailing downward erosion
Lower course - flat terrain, it is easy cause flooding
From the distribution of tributary(river), three kind of shape are list below :
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
Rectangular Drainage Pattern
Radial Drainage Pattern
Dendritic Drainage Pattern the most common drainage pattern
in Hong Kong
e.g. Lam Tsuen River
Rectangular Drainage Pattern Appear at regions of the western New Territories
e.g. the upper course of Tuen Mun River
Radial Drainage Pattern found on roughly conical mountains
e.g. Sunset Peak
Longest river in Hong Kong
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
Between New territories and Shenzhen
Early 90s, lots rainfall lead to flooding
Total four Regulation work of Shenzhen River
Main source of flooding in Hong Kong
Bend, meandering taking place
Poor drainage of water
Depth of water increase from 3m to 7m
Straight lower course flow
has upgrade Thread of
flooding Eliminate
The problem of flooding reduce.
Amount of silt bring the problem of flooding again
Poor maintenance
• Located at northern hemisphere• Close to Equator• Humid subtropical climate condition
Equator
Hong Kong
• Humid subtropical climate• Average temperature: 22.7 °C• Annual rainfall: 3066.2mm (at 2008)
• Summer is a rainy season• some region in northern N.T. and
low-lying area cause serious flooding• the drainage system is overloaded.
• The rainfall is mainly came from typhoon, trough, precipitation
• During summer, trough came across southern Chinaand bring heavy rainfall produce
• Precipitation also produce rainfall
• Global warming• El nino• La nina
Increase annual rainfall by El nino and La nina
Year of El nino
Year of La nina
Normal Year
.rainfall (mm)
• Industrial activities• Deforestation• Excessive greenhouse gases (especially
CO2)• Increase in temperature
• Flooding Warning System
• The government policies can not show the effect in a short period
• It is no evidence to support there are any significant improvement
• Cooperate with other countries
• Set up the rules to limit the emission of carbon dioxide
• Educate the concept of protect the city to citizens
• Cooperate with other countries
• Set up the rules to limit the emission of carbon dioxide
• Educate the concept of protect the city to citizens
Humaninfluence
Construction
Many constructions of rivers and channel operating in North New Territories
Some constructions need many years to finish
Construction
Kind of waste or barrier at riverbed Industrial waste Sand , stone and mud
Construction
The roads are paved with sand and stones
Dug from the riverbed Not be held tightly Wash away easily Clog up the river and channel Decrease the velocity of water flowing
Sha Po Tsai Village accident
Serious accident causing death in 2010 The river constructions near found many industrial barriers and big
stones after flooding maybe caused by the construction
Deforestation or removal vegetation
Removal of trees near the river Solid is washed away easily River bank collapses
Sha Po Tsai Village accident
One of the branches in the village is blocked by the construction
The rainstorm water cannot be drained out
Ownership of the place
Rural village Some private places cannot be built
with channel No right to clean up and repair Not enough regulation of use of rural
place incomplete drainage system
Ownership of the place
City planning and developing
Many natural rivers in New Territories Need to develop and construct channel Channel need to be changed or
designed into narrow or bend Avoid the buildings or facilities Lower the strength of draining out
water
City planning and developing
Surface is made with concrete Increase water flowing on the surface Water cannot be held Stored in the farm, pond, underground
or other
City planning and developing Yeun Long
Result
Rivers are destroyed and cut down Channels are not able to handle the
rainfall Drainage system cannot drain the
rainfall effectively
Drainage Channels
Flood Pumping
Flood Storage
Shenzhen River
Ng Tung River
Sheung Yue River
Ma Wat River
Before the improvement
Flooding was always appearing in NNT when a rainstorm came
Flooding was risked who living in low-lying area
After the improvement
The repaired Shenzhen River section required a drainage capacity that can resist a 50-year return flooding
The flooding problems in Sha Tin, Fanling, Sheung Shui and Ta Kwu Ling area can be resolved.
• Collect rainwater within the village • Pump out the water collected in the pond • Convey the water to a floodwater from storage pond
Flooding situation in the NNT has been alleviated because of the 4 main channel were rehabilitated and the flood pumping has been completed
Around 30,000 people who live in low-lying are being protected
Flooding problem have not totally complete
Increasing the flood pumping station
Installing additional drainage pipes
Installing additional grilles that can reduce the possibility of blockage
“In 2008, drainage improvement works along Ma Wat River in NNT was substantially completed. The level of protection against flooding at Kau Lung Hang has been raised.” adapted from DSD 07-08 annual report
Then, in 2011…
“Recognising the aspirations of the public for greening to enhance quality of life and to help protect the environment, the DSD places great emphasis on the greening of drainage channel…”
“One of these examples is the 'Drainage Improvement for Ma Wat River at Kau Lung Hang' where large-scale greening work has started.”
DSD Newsletter (09/04/2011)
Criticism: channel project carried out without comprehensive planning (e.g. lack of beautification work)
extra cost incurred in redundant greening work
Government should consider all aspects before implementation of the project
Consultation on experts from different fields (e.g. engineers, environmentalists)
Consultation on public (esp. local residents)