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Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Neural Mechanisms of
Altruism
Dharol Tankersley Department of Philosophy Brain Imaging and Analysis Center
Other-Regarding Preferences
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
• Altruism • Social Reward • Social Preference
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Overview
Ø I. Other-Regarding Preferences Ø II. Social Reward
Ø Experiment 1: Altruism & Social Reward Processing
Ø III. Social Perception
Ø Experiment 2: Altruism & Social Perception
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
I. Preference
< “Preference”
Preference – Psychological mechanism of choice – Inferred from behavior
“Altruism”
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Types of preference
¬ Self-Regarding ¬ Other-Regarding
Preference to help/ harm others at personal cost
Preferences are utility maximizing
Homo Economicus Homo Altruisticus
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Revealing other-regarding preferences
Trust Game
Coop Defect
Coop
Defect
2,2 3,0
1,1 0,3
Prisoner’s Dilemma
P1
P2
P1 - 10
Ultimatum Game
Fair
5,5
P2
Accept
Unfair
8,2
Reject
0,0 0,0
Coop Defect
P1 - 40
25,25
P2
15,30
20,20
10,20
45
50
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Dictator game
P1 - 10
P2 0
10
5
5
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Individual differences
15%
p Pleasure
n Choice frequency
Homo Economicus Homo Altruisticus
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Overview
Ø I. Other-Regarding Preferences Ø II. Social Reward
Ø III. Social Perception
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
“Reward Regions”
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
II. Neural Mechanisms of Social Reward
• King-Casas et. al., Science 2005
Trust Punishment
• Moll et. al., PNAS 2006
• Rilling et. al., Neuron 2002
25,25
P1 20,20
15,30 P2
• de Quervain et. al., Science 2004
P1
P2
20,20
25,25
15,30
10,20 Cooperation
Giving
P1
2,2 3,0
1,1 0,3
P1
P2
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Experiment 1
• Hypothesis:
Differences in striatum activity during receipt of personal and charitable rewards will be smaller for subjects with strong ORPs than for subjects with weak ORPs
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
E1: Overview Charity Selection Task Survey
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
American Red Cross
Easter Seals – United Cerebral Palsey
Animal Protection Society
Durham Literacy Center
Charity Selection Task Survey • Local • Apolitical • Varied
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Subject Charity
Com
pute
r Su
bjec
t
Recipient
Play
er
Charitable Reward
Personal Reward
Altruistic Action
Selfish Action
Charity Selection Task Survey
You will play for Easter Seals +
Easter Seals
wins a Dukat!
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
You
will play for
Easter Seals
Easter Seals
wins
a Dukat!
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Charity Selection Task Survey
SRAS
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
A priori cluster analysis
1. I have helped push a stranger’s car out of the snow.
12. I have given a stranger a lift in my car.
4. I have given money to a charity.
5. I have given money to a stranger who needed it.
19. I have offered my seat on a bus or a train to a stranger who was standing.
Tree Diagram for 21 VariablesSingle Linkage
Euclidean distances
V9V20
V21V10
V6V4
V8V5
V17V12
V7V11
V3V15
V14V19
V18V16
V13V2
V13.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Link
age
Dist
ance
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
[Playing > Watching]
R
mPFC
STR
dlPFC
Right Striatum 0.40%
15s 0s
BO
LD S
igna
l (%
) Trial
Onset q Charitable Reward q Personal Reward q Selfish Action q Charitable Action
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Individual differences in ORPs tracked by striatum
• Moll et. al., PNAS 2006 • Harbaugh et. al., in progress
Frequency of donation correlates with BOLD response to donations in striatum.
Striatal activation during receipt of money inversely predicts activation during donation.
$$ $$
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Right STC .15%
-0.15% B
OLD
Sig
nal (
%)
Trial Onset
15s 0s
q Charitable Reward q Personal Reward q Selfish Action q Charitable Action
[Watching > Playing]
lSTC PCC
rSTC
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Saxe & Kanwisher, NeuroImage 2003.
[Theory of Mind]
Saxe & Wexler, Neuropsychologia 2005.
[Belief Attribution]
Z = 24 X = 4
Y = –60
R
R
[Watching > Playing]
Subject-receiving Charity-receiving
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
SRAS scores predict pSTC activity
pSTC signal (Δ%) by altruism (z-score)
+3
0.5%
–0.25%
r = 0.57, P = 0.002
–3
Low altruism
High altruism
pSTC
BO
LD s
igna
l (Δ
%)
0.15
– 0.15
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Agency attribution and altruism
• pSTC
• Task
Agent Goal Help
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Overview
Ø I. Other-Regarding Preferences Ø II. Social Reward
Ø III. Social Perception
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
n Low-level visual perception n Target detection n Oddball
n Social Perception n Theory of Mind n Goal detection
III. Social Perception Mechanisms
E1
n pSTC coordinates for E1
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
pSTC tasks
Castelli et. al., Neuroimage 2002
Saxe et al Neuropsychologia 2004
Vollm et al NeuroImage 2006
Aichorn et al NeuroImage 2005
Intention attribution
Goal attribution
Mental state detection
Perspective taking
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Altruism & pSTC
Altruism
pSTC Empathy
??
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
• Hypothesis 1: Differences in striatum activity during receipt of personal and charitable rewards will be smaller for subjects with strong ORPs than for subjects with weak ORPs
• Hypothesis 2:
Differences in right pSTC activity during Watching trials will be greater for subjects with strong ORPs than for subjects with weak ORPs - Exploratory: Other traits might mediate
?
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
E2: Overview
• Blocked Design
• Control Condition
• Graphics
Charitable Reward
Personal Reward
Altruistic Action
Selfish Action Control
Charity Selection Task Survey
+ will play for
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
will play for
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
• Impulsivity: BIS
• Empathy: IRI • Personality: NEO • Helping Behavior: SRAS & PAL • Fairness: (Allocation)
Charity Selection Task Survey
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
PAL Scale
Charity Selection Task Survey
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
[Watching > Playing]
OFC Right pSTC
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
pSTC signal (ΔPE) by PAL (z-score)
+2
6
–3
r = 0.57, P = 0.01 –2
0.6
–1
pSTC
BO
LD s
igna
l (Δ
PE)
High altruism
Low altruism
pSTC activity specific to altruism
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
STC Models
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
“Biological”… or “Meaningful”?
E1
E2
Pelphrey et al. Cerebral Cortex, 2005.
Pelphrey et. al. J Neurosci 2003.
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
STC: “Meaning” vs. Movement
“Disposition or movements of an animate object (agent) relative to a part of the environment (goal or object of the action).”
Perrett et al. J Exp. Biol. 1989.
Goal-Centered ↑
Object-Centered ↑
Viewer-Centered • Combinatorial representation
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Precursor mechanism
• Empathy • ToM
• Imitation
• Emotion
Blair, Consc. & Cog., 2005.
Allison et al., Cog Sciences., 2003.
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Summary
• ORPs explain variation in helping behavior
• Reward regions might track ORPs
• Individual differences in altruism exist in
early perceptual processing
$$
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Future directions
• Development
• Individual differences in sensitivities to various types of social reward
http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v335/Pila14/kindness.jpg
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007
Acknowledgments Co-authors on Manuscript • Jill Stowe • Scott Huettel Assistance in Data Collection • Erin Douglas • Steve Green
Comments on Manuscript and Research • Greg McCarthy • Jamie Morris • Kevin Pelphrey • Dale Purves • Bethany Weber
External support • NIMH R01-70685 • NINDS P01-41328 (Project 2)
DOI: 10.1038/nn1833
Dharol Tankersley Cognitive Affective and Social Neuroscience January 23, 2007