Post on 28-Dec-2019
transcript
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 1
Connection Solutions for Wood-frame Structures
Presented by:Michelle Kam-Biron, PE, SEDirector, Education
American Wood Council
The American Wood Council (AWC)provides wood design and construction information to assist building industry professionals, develops structural and fire performance data on a wide range of traditional and engineered wood products, and engages in long-term research.
American Wood Council
www.awc.org
American Wood CouncilDesign Professional Membership:• Optional listing in AF&PA Design Professional Services Directory with
description of professional services.• Member discounts on Technical Publications.• AWC IMPACT newsletter.• Wood Design Focus, the Forest Products Society quarterly journal of
contemporary wood engineering. • Wood Design & Building, a quarterly North American magazine on
design and construction of modern wood buildings.• Use of the AWC Design Professional Member logo.• Frequent updates on wood industry developments, association activity,
new publications, and special reports on engineering, building codes, standards, fire technology, and research projects.
• Announcements of seminars offering CEU credits.• Access to technical information with a direct 800 phone number to AWC.• Access to AWC's group on LinkedIn®.
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 2
“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© American Wood Council 2013
Learning Objectives
At the end of this program, participants will be knowledgeable of:
1. Identify basic wood material properties and learn how to avoid splits, notching, and checking in connection solutions.
2. Recommend fastening guidelines for wood-to-steel, wood-to-concrete, and wood-to-wood connections.
3. Describe effects of moisture on wood connections and implement proper flashing to avoid problems.
4. Identify proper fastener selection in size, scope, and pattern.
Outline• wood connection design
philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and
fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 3
Outline• wood connection design
philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability issues• connection hardware and
fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Stronger Less strong
Parallel Perpendicular
Model wood cells as a bundle of strawsBundle is very strong parallel to axis of the straws
Basic Concepts
Connecting Wood - Philosophy• wood likes compression parallel to grain
– makes connecting wood very easy
Wood likes compression parallel to grain – makes connecting wood very easy
Connecting Wood - Philosophy
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Connecting Wood - Philosophy
• wood likes to take on load spread over its surface
Concentrated at a single fastener –wood is more prone to split and crush
Connecting Wood - Philosophy• wood and tension perpendicular to grain
– Not recommended
initiators:• notches• large diameter fasteners• hanging loads
Notching
Problem Solution
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 5
Split
Beam to Concrete
Notched Beam Bearing– may cause splitting– not recommended
Beam to Concrete
Notched Bearing Wall– alternate to beam notch
Hanger to Beam
Load suspended from lower half of beam Tension perpendicular
to grain May cause splits
SplitSplit
C
T
NA
NA
Hanger to Beam
Lower half of beam– may cause splits– not recommended
Exception: light load- <100 lbs- >24” o.c.
Split
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Hanger to Beam
Load supported in upper half of beamExtended plates puts
wood in compression when loaded
compression
Full wrap sling option
C
T
NA
NA
• Splitting happens because wood is relatively weak perpendicular to grain– Nails too close (act like a
wedge)
Connecting Wood - Philosophy
Nailing not staggered Nailing staggered
Framing
Wood StructuralPanel
Nail
1/8" GapBetween Panels
Nailing not staggered Nailing staggered
Staggered NailingConnecting Wood - Philosophy
Splitting will not occur perpendicular to grain,
no matter how close nails are
Splitting occurs parallel to grain
Staggering
Staggering a line of nails parallel to wood grain
minimizes splitting
Connecting Wood - Philosophy
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Connecting Wood - Philosophy• wood, like other hygroscopic materials,
moves in varying environments
Connecting Wood - Philosophy• fastener selection is key to connection
ductility, strength, performance
Connecting Wood - Philosophy
• mechanical fasteners– keep them small– use lots of them
issue is scale of fastener relative to wood member size
Connecting Wood - PhilosophyQuick summary• Wood likes compression parallel to grain• Wood likes to take on load spread over its
surface• Avoid tension perpendicular to grain• Wood, like other materials, moves in varying
environments• Fastener selection is key to connection
ductility, strength, performance
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Connection Behavior
Load
Displacement
high strength, poor ductility
good strength, good ductility
low strength, good ductility
Balance• Strength –• Ductility-
Connection Behavior Connection Behavior
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Connection Behavior Connection Behavior
Load
Displacement
high strength, poor ductility
good strength, good ductility
low strength, good ductility
Balance• Strength –
– Size and number of fasteners
• Ductility-– Fastener
slenderness– Spacing– End distance
Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Connection Serviceability
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Connection ServiceabilityIssue: direct water ingress• water is absorbed most quickly through wood
end grain
No end caps or flashing
Connection Serviceability
Issue: direct water ingress
• re-direct the water flow around the connection
end caps and flashing
Connection Serviceability
Issue: direct water ingress• or, let water out if it gets in...
Moisture trap -No weep holes
Moisture Changes In Wood
• Causes dimensional changes perpendicular to grain
Growing tree is filled with water
As wood dries, it shrinksperp. to grain
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Wood Shrinks
Woodmagazine.com
Connection Serviceability
Moisture Effects
Wet Service Factor, CM
CM 1.0 0.7 0.4* Lateral load (*CM=0.7 for D<1/4″)1.0 0.7 1.0 Withdrawal load - lag & wood screws only1.0 0.25 0.25 Withdrawal load - nails & spikes
• Dowel-type connectors• bolts• drift pins• drift bolts• lag screws• wood screws• nails
Saturated
19% MC
Dryfabrication MCin-service MC
CM 0.4 Lateral load (D>1/4″)
CM = 1.0 if:
1 fastener
2+ fasteners
split splice plates
Wet Service Factor, CM
Saturated
19% MC
Dry
fabrication MCin-service MC
Table 10.3.3 footnote 2
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Beam to Column
Full-depth side plates– may cause splitting– wood shrinkage
Beam to Column
Smaller side plates– transmit force– allow wood
movement
Beam to Column
Problem– shrinkage– tension perp
Beam to Wall
Solution– bolts near bottom– minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
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Beam on Shelf– prevent contact with
concrete– provide lateral
resistance and uplift
Avoid contact with cementitious materials
Connection Serviceability Beam to Concrete
Beam on Wall– prevent contact with
concrete– provide lateral
resistance and uplift– slotted to allow
longitudinal movement– typical for sloped beam
Beam to Masonry
Application
Need 1/2” air gap between wood and masonry
Column to Base
Problem– no weep holes in closed
shoe– moisture entrapped– decay can result
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Column to Base
Angle brackets– anchor bolts in brackets
Column to Base
Where’s the plate?
Hidden Column Base
Floor slab poured over connection– will cause decay– not recommended
Column to Base
Floor slab poured below connection
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Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Mechanical Connectors
Traditional Connectors
All-wood solution• time tested• practical• extreme
efficiencies available with computer numeric control (CNC) machiningwww.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
Long History > 100 years Uses automated
Computer numerical Control (CNC) milling technology machine joints pre-drill holes Timber Framer’s
Guild -www.tfguild.org
Traditional Connectors
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
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Traditional Connectors
Wood dowel connection design technology now available
Schmidt, R.J. (2006): Timber Pegs – Considerations for Mortise and Tenon Joint Design, Structure Magazine, March 2006, NCSEA, 13(3):44-47.
Common Fasteners• Nails • Staples • Wood Screws• Metal plate connectors• Lag screws • Bolts
Mechanical Connectors
Fastener Values
Included in U.S. design literatureFastener Type Reference Bolts NDS or NER Lag Screws NDS or NER Wood Screws NDS or NER Nails & Spikes NDS or NER Split Ring Connectors NDS Shear Plate Connectors NDS Drift Bolts & Drift Pins NDS Metal Plate Connectors NER Hangers & Framing Anchors NER Staples NER
National Evaluation Reports (NER) are developed for proprietary products
NDS Chapter 11 – Dowel-type FastenersASD and LRFD accommodated through Table 10.3.1– Bolts– Lag screws– Wood screws– Nails & spikes
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Fastener Bending Yield Test
Center-Point Bending Test
Load
Dowel Bearing Strength
Yield Limit Equations
•4 Modes of failure•6 Yield equations•Single & double shear
MODE I– bearing-dominated yield of wood fibersMODE II– pivoting of fastener with localized crushing of wood fibers
Yield Modes
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MODE III– fastener yield in bending at one plastic hinge and bearing –dominated yield of wood fibersMODE IV– fastener yield in bending at two plastic hinges and bearing –dominated yield of wood fibers
Yield Modes Yield Limit Equations
•4 Modes of failure•6 Yield equations•Single & double shear•Wood-to-wood•Wood-to-Steel•Wood-to-Concrete
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2005 NDS Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2005 NDS
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Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2012 NDS
Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2012 NDS
• adds the following notes to 11.5.1 The perpendicular to grain distance between the outermost fasteners shall not exceed 5" (see Figure 11H) unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member. For structural glued laminated timber members, the perpendicular to grain distance between the outermost fasteners shall not exceed the limits in Table 11.5.1F, unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the member.
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2012 NDS
Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2012 NDS
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Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
10.1.2 Stresses in Members at Connections “Local stresses in connections using multiple
fasteners shall be checked in accordance with principles of engineering mechanics. One method for determining these stresses is provided in Appendix E.”
Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
• Closely spaced fasteners– brittle failure– lower capacity
wood failure mechanisms need to be considered in design
Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
• Properly spaced fasteners– increased ductility– higher capacity
spread out the fasteners!
Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
• Appendix E NDS Expressions– Net tension:
– Row tear-out:
nettNT AFZ ''
row
i
i
n
iRTRT
viRT
ZZ
tsFnZ
1
''
min''
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Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
• Appendix E NDS Expressions– Group tear-out
• Note: spacing between outer rows of fasteners paralleling the member on a single splice plate < 5″
netgrouptbottomRTtopRT
GT AFZZZ
'''
'22
NDS Chapter 12 – Split Rings & Shear Plates• Capacity tables - unchanged
Specialized Connectors• Shear plates
NDS Chapter 12 – Split Rings & Shear Plates
Availability• www.clevelandsteel.com
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NDS Chapter 13 – Timber Rivets• Many applications
Canada several decades 2005 NDS Glued Laminated Timber DFL SP
Timber Rivets
Figure 1 – Glulam Surfaces
NDS Chapter 13 – Timber Rivets
NDS - Rivets Hot-Dipped
Galvanized Fixed-shank cross-
section Fixed head
dimension Vary only in length
Rivets• Steel AISI 1035• Rockwell Hardness C32-39• Fu = 145 ksi
Chapter 13 – Timber Rivets
Plates• Steel ASTM A36• Hot-dipped galvanized if in
wet service
Perforated Steel Plates Fixed-hole
pattern geometry Holes sizes lock
and hold rivet to prevent rotation
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• Ductility with rivet capacity as governing mode
• Or move ductile zone out of the rivets into the steel plate– Steel plates design as
“weak link”– Control capacity prior to
the rivet connection in wood
– Steel plates – more predictable behavior
Timber Rivets – Seismic Connections Timber Rivets - Design• Four strength limit states:
– Rivet yielding• Pr – parallel to grain• Qr – perpendicular to grain
– Wood failure• Pw – parallel to grain• Qw – perpendicular to grain
– Plate yielding• Enhanced ductility
Lowest value governs design
Timber Rivets – Design 2005 NDS Timber Rivets – Design 2012 NDS
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Timber Rivets - Design
• 2005 NDS– Reiterative process– Parallel to grain timber rivet capacity
• Pr = 280 p0.32 nR nC (13.2-1)
– Perpendicular to grain timber rivet capacity• Qr = 160 p0.32 nR nC
– Section 13.3.1: ”The maxiumum distance perpendicular to grain between outermost rows of rivets shall be 12”
188 2012 NDS
108 2012 NDS
Where to Find Design Examples
Timber Rivet Connections –Design Process for a Hanger Connection
http://www.awc.org/pdf/WDF17-4-rivet-pw.pdf
Timber Rivets - Design
• Flow chart per the 2005 NDS– Reiterative process
Design Example – 2005 NDS
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Design Example
Dead Load + Snow Load
Design Example – 2005 NDS
Design Example – 2005 NDS Design Example – 2005 NDS
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Design Example – 2005 NDS Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Connection Techniques• must evaluate:
– forces present– environmental effects– material effects– aesthetics
Connection Techniqueswood bolts in all-wood structure
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Pre-engineered ConnectorsPost to BeamBeam to Beam
Pre-engineered ConnectorsJoist to Beam (Hanger)
Pre-engineered ConnectorsColumn Cap & Base hardware
Pre-engineered ConnectorsHanger hardware
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Pre-engineered ConnectorsTruss hardware
Custom HardwareDifficult situations made easy
Connection Techniquesbolts in heavy trusses
Connection Techniques
• connecting other frame materials : Steel
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Connection Techniques
• connecting other frame materials : Concrete
Connection Techniquessteel bolts in columns
Hidden kerf plates
Bullitt Center, Seattle, WA, USAArchitect: Miller Hill PartnershipPhoto Credit: Miller Hull Partnership
Connection Techniques Connection Techniques
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Operations CentreGulf Islands National Park Reserve
Larry McFarland Architect, Vancouver, BCCWMM
Consulting Engineers, Inc., Vancouver, BC
Connection Techniques Connection Techniques
Regional District of Nanaimo Administration Building Expansion
Architect: Neale Staniszkis Doll Adams Architects Vancouver, BC
Owner; Regional District of Nanaimo Nanaimo, BC
General Contractor: WindleyContracting Ltd Nanaimo, BC
Structural Engineer: HeroldEngineering Ltd. Nanaimo, BC
Connection Techniques Connection Techniques
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Custom Hardware
A blend of art and technology
Concealed Connectors
Proprietary Systems
Concealed Connectors
Timberlinx• Hollow steel
connection tube
• Expanding cross pins
Concealed ConnectorsSFS Intec• Self-tapping
dowel s-w-s• Threaded
screw w-w
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Kwantlen Polytechnic UniversityCloverdale Campus
Bunting CoadyArchitects, Vancouver, BCBush Bohlman
& Partners, Inc., Vancouver, BC
Connection Techniques Connection Techniques
Concealed ConnectorsBS Connector• Shaped steel shaft• Steel pins or dowels• Non-shrink grout
Raleigh-Durham International AirportConnection Techniques
Fentress Architects• Denver, CO• Washington, DC
Stewart Engineering, Inc.•Raleigh, NC
Archer Western Contractors•Raleigh, NC
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Connection Techniques Connection Techniques
Concealed ConnectorsStavebolt®• Steel pipe• Stitch bolts• Tie-Bolt
Concealed ConnectorsSherpa
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Concealed ConnectorsSherpa Arena Stage at the Mead Center for
American Theater
• Bing Thom Architects
• Fast + EppStructural Engineers
• Clark Construction
Connection Techniques
Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater
Connection Techniques
Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON DesignGerald Epp, Fast + EppRichmond (south of Vancouver)
Connection Techniques
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Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON DesignGerald Epp, Fast + EppRichmond (south of Vancouver)
Connection TechniquesMyrick Hixon EcoPark Building - WI
Whole Trees Architecture, Stoddard, WI
Connection Techniques
Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• Serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
Software solutions exist
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Software solutions exist
Connectionsdesign software
http://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/DesignSoftware/tabid/859/Default.aspx
WWPA Lumber Design Suite Beams and Joists Post and Studs Wood to Wood Shear
Connections (nails, bolts, wood screws and lag screws)
Software solutions exist
Connection Calculator
AWC.org
Next...
• wood connection design philosophy• connection behavior• serviceability challenges• connection hardware and fastening systems• connection techniques • design software• where to get more information
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DES110:Connection Design
•www.awc.org•More comprehensive
More info.???
http://www.apawood.org/level_c.cfm?content=pub_searchresults&pK=t300h&pT=Yes&pD=Yes&pF=Yes&CFID=41187636&CFTOKEN=25311692
Form EWS T300H
• Technica papers on Timber rivets: http://www.awc.org/helpoutreach/faq/faqFiles/Timber_rivets.html
• Timber rivets in structural composite lumber• Simplified analysis of timber rivet connections • Timber rivet connections in U.S. domestic species• Timber Rivets-Structure Magazine• Seismic Behavior of Timber Rivets in Wood
Construction• Seismic Performance of Riveted Connections in
Heavy Timber Construction• Timber rivet suppliers
More info.???• Load-carrying behavior of steel-to-timber
dowel connections: http://timber.ce.wsu.edu/Resources/papers/2-4-1.pdf
• New Concealed Connectors Bring More Options for Timber Structures http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/2007-1/p42-43D-Insights-ConcealedConnectorsJan07.pdf
More info.???
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 38
Take home messages...
• transfer loads in compression / bearing whenever possible
• allow for dimensional changes in the wood due to potential in-service moisture cycling
• avoid the use of details which induce tension perp stresses in the wood
• avoid moisture entrapment in connections• separate wood from direct contact with masonry or
concrete• avoid eccentricity in joint details• minimize exposure of end grain
Murphy’s Law
No matter how well it is designed...
?
Connections
…and you thought connecting wood was complicated!
American Forest & Paper Association / American Wood CouncilAPA - The Engineered Wood AssociationWood Truss Council of AmericaCanadian Wood Council
Copyright © 2013 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA. 39
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course
www.awc.org
info@awc.org
Questions?