An Introduction to The IES Lighting Handbook - Illuminating

transcript

An Introduction to The IES Lighting Handbook 10th Edition

An Introduction to the New IES Lighting Handbook

by David L. DiLaura

Lighting Handbook Editors

David L. DiLaura Principal Illuminating Engineer

Acuity Brands Lighting

Gary R. Steffy Principal

Gary Steffy Lighting Design

Richard G. Mistrick Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering

Pennsylvania State University

Kevin W. Houser Associate Professor of Architectural Engineering

Pennsylvania State University

(c) Kevin Beswick

Brief History of IES Handbooks

Why a New Book?

Initial Development; Setting, Scope, and Content

Characteristics and Format of the New Handbook

Highlights of Significant Changes

A bit of Lighting Handbook History

The 1st Handbook

• Developed during 1942-1947

The 1st Handbook

• Handbook Committee as overseer

• Individual contributors

• Produced by IES editorial staff

Beginning with the 8th Handbook

• Independent contractor and editor

• Committee authorship of chapters

Changes in the Lighting Industry

• Rapid advance of solid-state lighting

• Rise of environmental influences

• Ever-diminishing power allotments for lighting

Changes affecting the IES

• Increased competition for influence and authority

• New generation of members from different backgrounds

A New Lighting Handbook: Setting the Stage

Handbook Task Force

• Members:

–Maninder Dhaliwal

–Kevin Flynn (chair)

–Stefan Graf

–Rita Harrold

–Matt Latchford

–Alan L. Lewis

–Paul Torcellini

Handbook Task Force

• Recommendations regarding content

• Recommendations regarding format

• Marketing

• Editor/Publisher

• Contractor

–David L. DiLaura, LC, FIES, AAAS, DSc(Hon)

• Subcontractors

–Gary R. Steffy, LC, FIALD, AIAMI(Hon)

–Richard G. Mistrick, PhD, FIES, PE

–Kevin W. Houser, PhD, PE, LC, LEED

Defining the New Lighting Handbook

• Direct IES knowledge outward

• Influence architectural lighting as it is practiced

• Make specific recommendations

Audience

• IES members

• Broad range of lighting practitioners

• Architects, Planners, Designers, Engineers, Distributors, Contractors

Technology Content Update

• Solid-State lighting

• Visual performance and mesopic adaptation

• Lighting Controls

Form and Format

• Sustainable and revisable

• References and active interlinks

• Deliverable in several different media

Learning from the Past, Adjusting to the Present, and Predicting

the Future: the Form and Content of the New Lighting Handbook

Fundamentals Section with a Tight Focus

Lighting Design Issues Gathered into a Single Section

Highlighted Presence of Daylighting and Sustainability

New Illuminance Recommendations

Redefined Purpose and Intent of Application Chapters

Content of the New Lighting Handbook

Three Sections:

Framework

• Background to lighting

• Supporting information

Design

• Principles of Lighting Design

• Components of Lighting Design

• An Approach to Lighting Design

Applications

Framework

• Physics and Optics of Radiant Power

• Vision: Eye and Brain

• Photobiology and Nonvisual Effects of Optical Radiation

• Perceptions and Performance P

• Concepts and Language of Lighting P

• Color P

• Light Source: Technical Characteristics P

• Luminaires: Forms and Optics

• Measure of Light: Photometry

• Calculation of Light and its Effect

Design

• Lighting Design in the Building Design Process P

• Components of Lighting Design P

• Light Sources: Application Considerations P

• Designing Daylighting P

• Designing Electric Lighting P

• Lighting Controls P

• Energy Management

• Economics

• Sustainability P

• Contract Documents P

Applications P

• Lighting for Art

• Lighting for Common Applications

• Lighting for Courts and Correctional Facilities

• Lighting for Education

• Lighting for Emergency, Safety, and Security

• Lighting for Exteriors

• Lighting for Health Care

• Lighting for Hospitality and Entertainment

• Lighting for Libraries

• Lighting for Manufacturing

Applications P

• Lighting for Miscellaneous Applications

• Lighting for Offices

• Lighting for Residences

• Lighting for Retail

• Lighting for Sports and Recreation

• Lighting for Transport

• Lighting for Worship

Generating the Content

Editors Were Responsible for all Text

Topic and Sentence Outlines

• Four editors generated topic outlines for all chapters

Topic Outline Approval

• 30 External experts

• Revision and rewriting outlines

• Handbook Task Force review

• Board of Directors and TRC reviewed and approved

Chapter Production

• One of 4 editors assigned as lead author

• Full access to all comments and record of changes

Writing the Chapters

• Text drafting by lead author

• 4 Editors’ internal review, and subsequent rewriting

• External experts’ review, and subsequent rewriting

• Final review and rewrite by lead author

• IES Board of Directors and TRC review and approval

Development of Graphics

Formatting Changes and New Features

Formatting

• Printed Version

–Full color throughout

–1270 pages

• PDF Version

–Fully searchable

–12,000+ hyperlinks

–96 Mbytes

Local Table of Contents

Section Numbering

Definitions, Details

Quick Locator Tabs

Resource Pointers

Custom Graphics to

Help Clarify and Abbreviate

the Text

Custom Graphics to

Help Clarify and Abbreviate

the Text

Custom Graphics to

Clarify and Abbreviate

the Text

Custom Graphics to

Clarify and Abbreviate

the Text

Framework

Design

Principles and Examples of Design Well Illustrated with

Tables and Photographs

Hundreds of Color

Photographs Demonstrate

Design Principles and Show

Examples of Lighting

Applications. All Linked to

Explanatory Text and

Tables.

Applications

Significant Changes in the Content of the New Lighting Handbook

Light Source Information: Data and Application

Daylighting

Tightly-Focused Application Chapters

New Illuminance Determination Procedure

Light Source Information: Data and Application

Daylighting

Two Chapters Devoted to Sources

• Light Sources: Technical Characteristics

• Electric Light Sources: Application Considerations

Revision of Light Sources Technical Information

• Characteristics of

–Sunlight and Skylight

–Filament lamps

–Fluorescent lamps

–HID

–Sold-State Sources

Revision of Light Sources Technical Information

• In each case:

–Principles of operation

–Construction

–Spectrum

–Operating characteristics

–Nomenclature

Source Application Considerations and Guidance

• Efficacy, Life, and Lumen Maintenance

• Auxiliary Equipment

• Starting, Restriking, and Dimming

• Color

• Geometry, Distribution

• Sustainability, Legislation, Standards, Cost of Light

Light Source Information, Data, and Application

Daylighting

Extensive Material on Daylighting

• Daylighting design process

• Programming

• Daylighting design parameters and tools

–Building orientation

–Glazing materials

–Daylight delivery systems

–Shading devices

• Daylight assessments

Principles and Methods Show with Detailed Examples

Daylighting

Separated from Committee Recommended Practice (RPs)

• Limited Scope

• Reference to applicable general principles in design chapters

• Analytic Recommendations

–Illuminances

–Luminances

–Ratios and Uniformities

–Maxima and Minima

–Veiling Reflections

–Daylighting Opportunities

Every Application

Chapter Has a Table of

Contents, An

Introduction to put the

Application in Context,

and References to

Material Common to all

Applications.

Every Application

Chapter Begins with a

Checklist of Design

Issues, Keyed to

Relevant Sections of the

Handbook

Daylighting

• Need

–Properly manage ever diminishing power allotments

–Augment existing recommendations with more modes

• Uniformities

• Ratios

• Maxima and Minima

–Assert and maintain authority over recommendations

• Required Characteristics

–Fine granularity of ranges or steps

–Account for

• Task difficulty and importance

• Age of observer

• Environment

• Mesopic Adaptation

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Ranges

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Age

Retina

2.35 Decrease in Pupil Area

2.15 Loss in Light

2.35 Decrease in Pupil Area x

2.15 Loss in Light = Transmittance

5 times Less Light On the Retina

Conventional or legacy

recommendations are for

middle-age observers.

Old observers require twice

the illuminance

Young observers require

one-half the illuminance

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Environment

Legacy Recommendations

• Old tasks, previous two handbooks, existing RPs

New Recommendations

• New tasks

• New environmental constraints

–Light trespass

–Dark sky

–Lighting Zones

–Activity levels

Final Application Committee Approval

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Development

Specific Recommendations

• Horizontal illuminance

• Vertical illuminance

• Illuminance location

• Uniformity ratios

• Maxima and Minima

• Recommendations as to “Gauge” (Max, Min, Ave)

• Flags for daylighting opportunities

• Flags to indicate where the designer should establish coverage

• Cautions for veiling reflections

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Specification

New Illuminance Determination Procedure: Adaptation

• Research in Visual Performance at Mesopic Adaptation under illuminances of different spectra

–Realistic and simulated tasks

–Reaction time measurements

–Mesopic adaptation states

–Various spectra

• Photometry Based on Intermediate (mesopic) v( ) Functions Predicts Reaction Times

Scotopic Adaptation

Luminance < 0.001 cd/m2

Mesopic Adaptations 0.001 cd/m2 < Luminance < 10 cd/m2

Photopic Adaptation

Luminance > 10 cd/m2

• Adaptation State

–Expressed as a Photopic Luminance

• Spectrum

–Expressed as a Ratio of Scotopic to Photopic Lumens

• The New Handbook recommends the Average Photopic Luminance in the Field of View be used to Determine the State of Adaptation

• The New Handbook recommends that the Spectrum be specified by its S/P

• S/P: Ratio of Scotopic to Photopic Lumens

–A single number that indicates the relative amount of

short wavelength optical radiation in a spectrum S( )

Scotopic Lumens 1700 S( ) v’( )d

–S/P = =

Photopic Lumens 683 S( ) v( )d

• The New Handbook recommends the use of Mesopic Multipliers to Scale Photopic Recommended Illuminances

–Multipliers depend on adaptation state

–Multipliers depend on spectrum, as expressed by S/P

–Multipliers provide the transformation (scaling) from

mesopic to photopic photometry

–All analyses uses only photopic photometry

Luminance (0.03)

Source S/P (1.81)

Recommendation

multiplier (0.70)

• Mesopic Multipliers can be used to:

–Determine how the State of Adaptation and

–The Spectrum of the Proposed Lighting System

–Modify a Photopic Recommended Illuminance

• Mesopic Multipliers should NOT be used to modify Photopic Recommended Illuminances in Applications where Vehicular Traffic Moves at Speeds > 40 kph (25 mph)

Determining a Mesopic Multiplier Requires Estimating the

Adaptation Luminance

The Average Luminance in the Field of View can be Used as

the Adaptation Luminance.

Recall that if a surface is diffusely reflective with a

reflectance of ρ and enjoys an average illuminance of E,

then its average luminance L is:

If the illuminance is in lux, the luminance will be

candela/m2

If Other Information is not Available, it is Reasonable to

Assume that:

–The photopic illuminance recommendation, Erec, will

be produced by a proposed lighting system

–Thus, the average surface illuminance will be the

recommended photopic illuminance, Erec

–The average surface luminance will be

recL E

•The Adaptation Luminance Depends on How Much of the

Field of View the Surface Fills

–A parking garage floor that fills ½ the field of view

–The other ½ of the field is assumed to be the dark sky

with a luminance of essentially zero

–This would produce an adaptation luminance, La, of

2 2a recL L E

•For Multiple Surfaces, the Average Luminance Depends

on the Luminance and Apparent Size of Each

–The full field of view is 5 steradians in solid angle

–If, for example, there are 3 surfaces with luminances

L1, L2, and L3, and

– 1 , 2 , 3 are the solid angles subtended to the

observer by the surfaces,

–then the adaptation luminance, La, is

1 1 2 2 3 3

L L LL

•Most of us will probably let Lighting Calculation Software

make these calculations for us

Summary

New, 10th Edition of the IES Lighting Handbook

–Designed and Produced for the Widest Possible

Audience

–Printed and PDF Formats

–New, Focused Application Chapters

–Flexible, Sustainable, Illuminance Recommendations

–Extensive Daylighting, Sustainability, and Lighting

Control Information

–Updated Electric Light Source Information

–The Most Useful and Authoritative Lighting Reference

IES Lighting Handbook 10th Edition

http://www.ies.org/handbook

Editors: David L DiLaura Kevin W Houser Richard G Mistrick Gary R Steffy

Publisher: William Hanley Technical Direction: Rita Harrold Special Thanks To: IES Board of Directors Technical Review Council Application Committees