Ancient Egypt

The Land, the River, and the People

A shaduf in use in Kom Obo.

Watering plants in a garden with a shaduf; from the tomb of the sculptor Ipuy, Deir al-Medina, 19th Dyn

Sugar Cane Fields with the Valley of the Kings in the Background. Photograph by Brigitte Nioche.

Plowing, harvesting, and threshing; painting from the tomb of Nakht, 18th Dyn

Plowing and sowing; painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem, Deir al-Medina, 19th Dyn

Stereoscopic view of the Nile during inundation.

Schematic cross-section of the White Nile (Rural Development in White Nile Province, Sudan, ed H R J Davies [Tokyo: United Nations University, 1986 ])

Plate Tectonics, 210-7 Ma

Giza and the Pyramids

Abusir

Luxor, West Bank

Panorama of the Colossi of Memnon; photograph by Tim Dellmann, 2008Aerial view of Deir el-Medina from the west, with the Nile Valley beyond

Panoramic view of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple, 18th Dyn; photograph by Benjamin Franck, 2005

Panoramic view of the Valley of the Kings, view north, 18th-20th Dyn; photograph by Nikola Smolenski, 2008

Bedouin village in the Sahara

Palaeolithic 700,000-7000 BCE

Saharan Neolithic 8800-4700Early 8800-6800Middle 6600-5100Late 5100-4700

Predynastic 5300-3000 Lower Egypt

Neolithic 5300-4000Maadi 4000-3200

Upper EgyptBadarian 4400-4000Naqada I 4000-3500 (Amratian)Naqada II 3500-3200 (Gerzean)Naqada III 3200-3000 (Dynasty 0)

1ST Persian Period (27th-30th) 525-4042d Persian Period 343-332Ptolemaic Period 332-30

Macedonian332-310Ptolemaic 305-30

Roman 30 BCE-642 CE