Post on 12-Jul-2015
transcript
Guanyang Zhang, Usmaan Barashat & Nico Franz Arizona State Universitytaxonbytes.org somanyinsects.org @GYZhang2
Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Nov 19, 2014
© Carlos De Soto Molinari
Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini
(A) E. agrestis (Boheman); (B) E. consobrinus (Marshall); (C) E. hieroglyphicus Chevrolat(D) E. impressus
(Fabricius); (E) E. nicaraguensis Bovie; (F) E. quadrivittatus (Olivier)(G) E. quinquedecimpunctatus (Olivier);
(H) E. roseipes (Chevrolat); (I) E. sulcicrus Champion(J) E. triangulifer Champion; (K) E. verecundus
(Chevrolat); (L) E. vittatus (Linnaeus)
Exophthalmus Schoenherr, 1823
85 described species; Caribbean [~45] and Neotropical mainland [~40]
Chauliopleurus Champion, 1911 [4 spp.]
Compsoricus Franz, 2012 [3]
Decasticha Champion, 1911 [5]
Diaprepes Schoenherr, 1823 [19]
Pachnaeus Schoenherr, 1826 [7]
Rhinospathe Chevrolat, 1878 [2]
Tropirhinus Schoenherr, 1823 [4]
Tetrabothynus Labram & Imhoff, 1852 [2]
Based on Franz (2012) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. (A
narrower definition is used here)
Species counts from O’brien & Wibmer (1982)
ca. 131 species
High endemism in Caribbean islands (e.g., 89% in Cuba) (Peck, 2005)
In Exophthalmus continental diversity is mainly concentrated in Central America (including Southern Mexico) (~35 spp.); low diversity in South America (8 spp.)
http://www.freeworldmaps.net/centralamerica/map.html
Species of Exophthalmus
genus complex are distributed
from Southern Mexico,
Caribbean to Northern South
America.
Can vicariance model sensu Rosen (1975) explain continent-island relationship?
Figure by Nearns & Branham, adapted from Rosen (1975),
http://kellymillerlab.com/pdf/Nearns&Branham_2008.pdf
~65 Ma ~40 Ma ~40 Ma to present
Caribbean fauna date back to
~65 Ma (late Cretaceous/early
Cenozoic)
Area relationship
Are Caribbean islands strictly a ‘colonization sink’, or could they also be a source for continental diversity?
Bellemain, E., & Ricklefs, R. E. (2008). Are islands the end of the
colonization road? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(8), 461–468.
doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.001
Are Caribbean islands strictly a ‘colonization sink’, or could they also be a source for continental diversity?
Unidirectional colonization from continent to islands has been the dominant model
Reverse colonization from Caribbean to Neotropical mainland documented in Anolis, birds (bananaquits, Myiarchus, parrots), turtles, and frogs (Eleutherodactylus)
Are Caribbean islands strictly a ‘colonization sink’, or could they also be a source for continental diversity?
In Anolis island to continent colonization and radiation generated >150 species in mainland
Caribbean islands Neotropical
mainland
Are Caribbean islands strictly a ‘colonization sink’, or could they also be a source for continental diversity?
What patterns would weevils show?
??
Over-water dispersal model by Hedges et al.Primarily based on vertebrates
Island-island vicariance of the GAARLandia, late Oligocene land span (Iturralde-Vinent & McPhee, 1999)
35 – 32 Ma
27 – 25 Ma
Island-island vicariance of the GAARLandia, late Oligocene land span (Iturralde-Vinent & McPhee, 1999)
16 – 14 Ma
Island-island vicariance of the GAARLandia, late Oligocene land span (Iturralde-Vinent & McPhee, 1999)
Predictions of the models
Over-water dispersal
Island-islandvicariance
Times of divergences
Scattered Clustered
Ancestral ranges Narrow or widespread
Widespread
Relationshipsamong island species
Sister relationship between any islands
(Cuba, (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico))
Biogeographic reconstruction with BioGeoBears
Extends DEC model (Dispersal, Extinction, Cladogenesis) to include founder-event dispersal (DEC + j )
Founder-event dispersal leads to cladogenesis
A ABDEC + j
(founder-event)
DEC
Taxonomic sampling
~65 spp. from the Exophthalmus genus complex
(50% of described diversity)
25 outgroups
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
• Caribbean: Cuba,
Hispaniola, Puerto
Rico, Jamaica, Lesser
Antilles (Dominica, St.
Lucia, Virgin Islands)
(50 spp.)
• Central America:
Panama, Costa Rica,
Nicaragua (15 spp.)
Molecular phylogeny and dating 6 genes: COI, COII, 12s (Mitochondrial); 28s, Ef-1α, Arginine
kinase (nuclear); 4747 bp (aligned) Dated phylogeny obtained using BEAST 1.8, with three fossil
calibration points based on Dominican ambers (16 Ma; Miocene)
Biogeographic reconstruction with BioGeoBears(Matzke, 2014)
DEC DEC + j (founder-event)
LnL = -167 LnL = -117• DEC + j fit better to
data
• Ancestral ranges resolved to single areas
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
Caribbean species are paraphyletic rendered by Central American species
Central American clade comprises a single radiation
Caribbean Central American
Colonization of Central America from the Caribbean occurred once in early Miocene (~18 Ma) through founder event dispersal
Caribbean Central American
18.8-18.1 Ma
Dispersal mechanism may involve rafting on flotsams (floating vegetation), produced by hurricanes/thunderstorms
and propelled by prevailing water currents
© Pervaze SheikhA floating island of vegetation (ca. 600 square meters)
in Amazon river, carrying a cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) (1997 in Brazil)
Southeast to northwest surface-water currents in Caribbean since Oligocene could have facilitated oceanic over-water dispersal
Water currents directions (Hedges, 2006)
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
Reconstruction of ancestral ranges
recovered episodic dispersal events via
founder speciation
Ancestral areas were
reconstructed with BioGeoBears
& mapped on dated phylogeny
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Cuba
• Island species are not monophyletic
Ma
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Hispaniola
Ma
• Island species are not monophyletic
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Jamaica
• Island species are not monophyletic
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Puerto Rico
Ma
• Island species are not monophyletic
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Lesser Antilles
Ma
• Island species are not monophyletic
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Central America
Ma
• Para- or polyphyly of island
species contrasts to single origin
of mainland clade
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
• Relationships within & between
island species suggest complex
biogeographic history
Ma
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Ma
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
• Cuba was the ancestral
range of entire clade in late
Oligocene24.3 Ma
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Ma
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
• Founder-event dispersal – one
daughter lineage colonizes a
new range and another retains
the ancestral range
A founder
dispersal
example
Founder-event
dispersal
Miocene
20 10 0
PlioPl
ei
Ma
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
• 14 founder-event dispersals
inferred
• Nearly all prior to 13 Ma (11/14)
• Several clades diversified
within- island
Founder-event
dispersal
L P H J U C
L - 1
P 1 - 1 1 1 1
H -
J 1 - 1
U 3 3 -
C -
Cuba and Puerto Rico were major sources of colonists (11 emigrations out of these islands)No emigration out of Hispaniola
Sink
Source
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
Cuba and Puerto Rico were major sources of colonists (11 emigrations out of these islands)No emigration out of Hispaniola
Cuba
Central America
Lesser Antilles
Puerto Rico
JamaicaHispaniola
Immigration
Emigration
Central America was colonized from the Caribbean in early Miocene through over-water dispersalEpisodic founder-event dispersals best explain current distribution in CaribbeanModel with founder-event dispersal (DEC + j) outperformed DEC
Include additional samples from Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico and Guatemala) and Northern South AmericaIncrease outgroup sampling to test origin of Caribbean speciesExplore/devise methods to model changing geography
NSF DEB-1155984 (to N. Franz)USDA (Agreement No. 58-1275-1-335; to N. Franz) Dr. Nick Matzke (BioGeoBear analyses)Anyi Mazo Vargas (preliminary DNA data)Dr. Robert Anderson (specimens; Candiana Museum of Nature)Dr. Steve Davis (AMNU), Dr. Conrad Labandeira (USNM) (loan of fossils) Albert Deler Hernandez, Franklyn Cala Riquelme (field assistance in Cuba)Franz Lab: Sal Anzaldo, Andrew Jansen, Andrew Johnston, Dr. Sangmi Lee (www.Taxonbytes.org)