• Ancient Rome– Unlike Greece, geographic characteristics in Italy provided few natural barriers, helped people unite, and supported a growing population.

Ancient Rome

Geography

Early Rome

Geography

• Rome began on the Italian peninsula – Extends from Europe

into the Mediterranean Sea

Geography • The Northern part

protected by the Alps– not isolate

• Low mountains and hills throughout the rest– Did not serve as a

barrier

– Allowed for unity

Geography

• A Peninsula

• Seas - South, East, and West–Protection

–Transportation

Geography

• Most of the peninsula ––fertile soil

–mild climate

• Food production-supports large

population

Rome• Rome

– Along the Tiber River on 7 hills

– Hills provided protection

– River – transported food, etc. from inland locations

• Located midway – Alps and the

southern tip of Italy

Look How Rome is Strategically Located

•

Rome

• Location • prime for trade • Allowed Rome

• to expand • have access to Mediterranean Sea

Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city—the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy—all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.

Livy, The Early History of Rome

Early History of Rome• The Legend of

Romulus and Remus – Rome

• founded by twins, Romulus and Remus.

• Abandoned near the Tiber River and raised by a she-wolf

– Romulus kills Remus and starts Rome

Rome’s Myth –Romulus and Remus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToagTve4hs

Early History of Rome

• 3 groups that influenced early Rome– Greeks

• Established colonies in Italy and Sicily

• Taught Romans how to grow grapes and olives

• Art, literature, and architecture influenced Romans

– Etruscans• From northern Italy

– Latins• First to settle in Rome• Gods were influenced by Greeks

and Etruscans

Influence of the Etruscans▪ Writing▪ Religion▪ The Arch

Alas…In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King-they established a Republic-the leader is not a monarch (king) -some citizens have the right to vote

Early History of Rome• Etruscan kings

ruled Rome from 600 B.C. to 509 BC – Roman aristocrats

overthrew the last Etruscan king in 509 BC

– Establish a republic…..So…Rome as we know it begins…

THE ROAD TO WARTHE PUNIC WARS264 BCE TO 146 BCE

Carthaginian Empire

Dispute over control

of Sicily and trade

routes in the western

Mediterranean

brought Rome into

conflict with the

powerful North

African city-state of

Carthage

Carthage

Carthage

had been

founded as

Phoenician

colony 500

years earlier

Result was the

three Punic Wars

264-146 BC

FIRST PUNIC WAR• Primarily a naval war

–Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy

• Carthage: very good, experienced naval power

• Rome: small navy, little experience

–Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy…………but!

ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE• Rome would not surrender

–Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare•Equipped ships with huge hooks and

•Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers

SECOND PUNIC WAR

• Hannibal surprises Romans,

• Leads through the Alps,

• Invades Italy from the north

• Defeats Roman armies …but hesitates to attack Rome itself

• Too well fortified

• War of attrition in hope of destroying Roman economic base

"Hannibal ad portas" (“Hannibal is at the Gates!”)

ROME WINS

• Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage

–Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus

–Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage

• Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage

Hannibal’s Route

HANNIBAL BARCA (247-183 BC) *CARTHAGINIAN GENERAL

*BRILLIANT STRATEGIST

*DEVELOPED TACTICS OF OUTFLANKING AND SURROUNDING THE ENEMY

THIRD PUNIC WAR• Carthage finished after

Second Punic War– Hannibal committed suicide– Economy shattered– Lost all territory to Rome– But some Romans feared it

might revive someday and challenge Rome again• Notably Cato the Elder

– Pushed for another war that would wipe Carthage off the face of the map

Cato the Elder

The Roman Republic

• In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King

• The Romans established a Republic

• In a republic, the leader is not a monarch (king) and some citizens have the right to vote

The Patrician Republic

• In 509 BCE the Roman patricians got rid of the monarchy

• They divided the government into 3 branches

• Executive Branch – Consuls and dictators

• Deliberative Branch – Senate of 300 Patricians who thought of (but couldn’t pass laws)

• Legislative Branch – Centuriate Assembly that passed laws

The 3 Branches of American Government

Patricians vs. Plebeians

• Plebeians (less wealthy landowners, farmers, craftspeople and merchants) wanted more say and better protection from the laws!!!!

• 450 BC – The Twelve Tables

– A new set of Plebeian laws that applied to everyone

– Plebeians were given protection from elites and given rights to more legal systems

ROME SOLIDIFIES THE REPUBLIC

Republican Government

2 Consuls(Rulers of Rome)

Senate(Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly(Representative body for plebeians)

The Building of the Republic

Reform Leaders▪ Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.

Military Reformer▪ Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

Pompey

Civil War & Dictators

Julius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC

The Die is Cast!

The First Triumvirate

▪ Julius Caesar

▪ Marcus Licinius Crassus

▪ Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE

Julius Caesar

•Reading and Question Activity

The Second Triumvirate

▪ Octavian Augustus

▪ Marc Antony

▪ Marcus Lepidus

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE

▪ Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

The Twelve Tables of Ancient Rome

• There are eight kinds of punishment:1. fines

2. fetters 3. flogging4. retaliation in kind 5. civil disgrace6. banishment 7. slavery8. death

The Twelve Tables

• Table I & II - Procedure for courts and trialsIf you are summoned to court…you must go

Table III – DebtYou have 30 days to pay off your debt…if not…

Table IV – Rights of father over familyA deformed child shall be killed…if the father say

Table V – Legal guardianship and inheritance Table VI – Acquisition & Possessions Your word is you bond

Table VII – Land rightsTable VIII – Torts (Laws of injury)If convicted of false witness….Tarpeian Rock

Table IX – Public lawTable X – Sacred law Table XI & XII – Supplements 1 & 2

12 Tables

• Turn to page 149 in your textbook – Read the Infographic on the Twelve Tables of Rome

• Answer questions 1 and 2 in the Critical Thinking Section

Exit Ticket

• How were Patricians and Plebeians different in early Rome?