Post on 15-Jul-2015
transcript
Sherif Anis, MD
Assistant professor of Anesthesia & ICU
Ain Shams University
Objectives Identify the appropriate 1st and 2nd line antibiotic for
empiric treatment of common bacterial infections in the community and hospital settings
Tailor the choice of antibiotic based on unique patient risk factors
Reducing bacterial resistance
Identify resources for information on safe, effective treatment
Conventional antibiotics Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Nitrofurantoin, metronidazole, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, cotrimoxazole, fusidic acid, etc
Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, rifampin, cycloserine, etc
Penicillins Penicillin G
Still useful for a number of diseases (e.g. meningitis, syphilis)
Cloxacillin For MSSA infections
Ampicillin, amoxicillin Active vs. Gram-positive (not MSSA), Gram-negative organisms
Augmentin, Unasyn Broad spectrum, covers Gram-positive, Gram-negative and
anaerobes
Piperacillin, Tazocin, Timentin Are active vs. Pseudomonas
Cephalosporins Cefazolin, cephalexin
Active vs. Gram-positive organisms including MSSA
Cefuroxime, Cefaclor Covers some Gram-negative organisms
Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone Broad spectrum, enhanced activity towards Gram-
negative organisms
Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Sulperazon Additive Pseudomonas coverage
Carbapenems Imipenem
Broad spectrum, covers Gram-positive, Gram-negative (including ESBL-producing strains), Pseudomonas and anaerobes
Meropenem Less seizure-inducing potential, can be used to treat
CNS infections
Ertapenem Lacks activity vs. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas
Has limited activity against penicillin-resistant pneumococci
Quinolones Ciprofloxacin
Active vs. MSSA, Gram-negative and Pseudomonas
Levofloxacin
Has activity vs. Streptococcus pneumoniae, but slightly less active towards Pseudomonas compared to ciprofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Has activity vs. anaerobes but less active towards Pseudomonas
Aminoglycosides Active vs. some Gram-positive and Gram-negative
organisms
Gentamicin Active vs. Pseudomonas
Tobramycin More active vs. Pseudomonas than gentamicin
Shows less activity against certain other Gram-negative bacteria
Amikacin More stable to enzymes, used in severe infections by gentamicin-
resistant organisms
Streptomycin Used for tuberculosis
Macrolides Erythromycin
Active vs. Gram-positive organisms, atypicals
GI side effects
Clarithromycin
Slightly greater activity than erythromycin
Azithromycin
Slightly less active than erythromycin vs. Gram-positive but enhanced activity vs. some Gram-negative organisms
Tetracyclines Drug of choice in infections caused by Chlamydia,
Rickettsia, Brucella and Lyme disease Value has decreased due to increasing bacterial
resistance Tetracycline
Role in Helicobacter pylori eradication (less frequently used than other antibiotics)
Doxycycline Once daily
Minocycline Broader spectrum
Other antibiotics Clindamycin
Vs. Gram-positive cocci and anaerobes
Metronidazole
Vs. anaerobes
Preferred therapy in antibiotic associated diarrhoea (Clostridium difficile) than oral vancomycin, although unlicenced
Vancomycin, teicoplanin
For Gram-positive organisms (including MRSA)
Other antibiotics Cotrimoxazole
Role in uncomplicated UTI, UTI prophylaxis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci) infections
Nitrofurantoin For UTI, prophylaxis vs. UTI
Fusidic acid, rifampin For penicillin-resistant staphylococci
Not for monotherapy due to risk of emergence of resistance
Classes Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal
Narrow vs Broad spectrum
Classes Bacteriostatic
Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin, Amikacin,
Gentamicin, Tobramycin)
Lincosamides (Clindamycin)
Macrolides (Azithromycin)
Tetracyclines (Doxycycline)
Bactericidal Aminoglycosides
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
Lipopeptides(Daptomycin)
Nitrofurans
Metronidazole
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Monobactams(Aztreonam)
Carbapenems(Meropenem)
Quinolones
Sulfonamides
Broad Spectrum Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Tazocin)
Ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin)
Newer Classes Cyclic lipopeptides (daptomycin)
Bactericidal against Gram-positive, including MRSA
Glycylcyclines (tigecycline)
Bacteriostatic against Gram-pos, Gram-neg and MRSA
Oxazolidinones (linezolid) Bacteriostatic and bactericidal against Gram-positive, including
MRSA, VRE
Good news vs. bad news Good news
A few novel antibiotics have shown promising results / are undergoing clinical studies
Bad news As immunosuppressive diseases and use of immunosuppressive
agents become more prevalent, opportunistic infections becomes more common, esp. by organisms rarely encountered previously Diseases: e.g. HIV, leukemia
Drugs: e.g. in solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplants, rheumatoid disorders
Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is much faster than research and development of new antibiotics
Principles on choosing an antibiotic for empiric therapy As best possible, attempt to localize the site of
infection
Do a good exam!!!
Occam’s razor
“Plurality must not be posited without necessity”
Use only one diagnosis whenever possible
Gram-positive superbugsResistant Gram-positive bacteria terminology
PRSP Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
MDRSP Multidrug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VRSA Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VISA (GISA) Vancomycin (Glycopeptide) intermediate
Staphylococcus aureus
VRE (GRE) Vancomycin (Glycopeptide) resistant Enterococcus
Case 1 F/74, DM on oral hypoglycemic drugs
Presented with fever and malaise, cough with sputum, tachypnea; chest X-ray revealed bilateral infiltrates
Travel history, occupation, contact and clustering non-remarkable
Received a course of amoxicillin for urinary tract infection 10 weeks ago
Diagnosis: Community-acquired pneumonia
Question What is the empirical treatment for CAP?
Chest X-ray
Chest X-ray
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) Microbiology
“Typical” organisms Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis
“Atypical” organisms Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella pneumophilia
Empirical therapy Beta-lactams to cover typical organisms Doxycycline / macrolides to cover atypical organisms Respiratory fluoroquinolones (levo, moxi) for beta-lactam allergy
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) Empirical therapy
CAP, out-patient Augmentin/Unasyn PO ±macrolide PO
Amoxicillin PO + clarithromycin / azithromycin PO
CAP, hospitalized in general ward Augmentin / Unasyn IV/PO ±macrolide
Cefotaxime / ceftriaxone IV ±macrolide
CAP, hospitalized in ICU for serious disease Add cover to Gram-negative enterics
Tazocin / cefotaxime / ceftriaxone IV + macrolide
Cefepime IV + macrolide
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) Empirical therapy
Modifying factors Allergy to beta-lactams
Fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin / moxifloxacin)
Aspiration likely: anaerobes should be covered
Augmentin / Unasyn / Tazocin already provide coverage
Cephalosporins (except Sulperazon) is inactive
Moxifloxacin
Bronchiectasis: Pseudomonas cover essential
Tazocin / Timentin / cefepime + macrolide
Fluoroquinolone + aminoglycoside
Case 1 Patient was started on Augmentin +
clarithromycin empirically 3 days later, fever persisted, chest X-ray showed
progressive pneumonia Endotracheal aspirate (WBC +++, few epithelial
cells) grew heavy Streptococcus pneumoniae, with penicillin MIC > 4mcg/ml
Questions Risk factors for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae? Appropriate management in this case?
Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP)
Risk factors
Age > 65 years
Beta-lactam therapy in past 3 months
Alcoholism
Multiple medical comorbidities (e.g. immunosuppressive illness or medications)
Exposure to a child in a day care centre
Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP)
If susceptible, penicillin group is the drug of choice for Streptococcus pneumoniae
Check susceptibility and MIC if resistant to penicillin
Penicillin susceptible (MIC 0.1 mcg/ml) Penicillin G, amoxicillin
Penicillin resistant (0.1< MIC 1.0 mcg/ml) High dose penicillin G or ampicillin, cefotaxime /
ceftriaxone
Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP)
Penicillin resistant (MIC > 2.0 mcg/ml) Vancomycin rifampin High dose cefotaxime tried in meningitis Non-meningeal infection: cefotaxime / ceftriaxone, high
dose ampicillin, carbapenems, or fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
Multidrug resistant (MDRSP, resistant to any 2 of the following: penicillins, erythromycin, tetracycline, macrolides, cotrimoxazole) Vancomycin rifampin Clindamycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin could be tried
Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP)
Any alternative for PRSP / MDRSP in respiratory tract infection?
Newer agents
Telithromycin (Ketek®)
Linezolid (Zyvox®)
Telithromycin (Ketek®) A ketolide (structurally related to macrolides) Spectrum of activity
Group A, B, C and G Streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multidrug resistant strains), MSSA
Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma No activity vs. MRSA, GRE, or any enteric gram-negative
bacteria
Indications Mild to moderate community acquired pneumonia
Linezolid (Zyvox®) An oxazolidinedione
Spectrum of activity and indications Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium infections, including
cases with concurrent bacteremia Nosocomial pneumonia caused by MSSA or MRSA or Strep
pneumoniae (including MDRSP) Complicated skin and skin structure infections, including diabetic
foot infections, without concomitant osteomyelitis, caused by MSSA or MRSA, Strep pyogenes, or Strep agalactiae
Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by MSSA or Strep pyogenes.
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Strep pneumoniae (including MDRSP), including cases with concurrent bacteremia, or MSSA
Case 2 M/56
Presented with skin redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness on his right lower limb, a pocket of fluid palpated
Diagnosis: cellulitis with pus formation
Question
Empirical treatment?
Skin and soft tissue infection Cellulitis
Microbiology
Staphylococcus, Streptococci
Streptococci more likely when cellulitis is well demarcated and there are no pockets of pus or evidence of vein thrombosis
Staphylococcus aureus If susceptible, penicillinase-resistant penicillins are the
drugs of choice for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
Drug of choice Cloxacillin, flucloxacillin
Cefazolin, cephalexin (penicillin allergic but tolerate cephs)
With beta-lactamase inhibitor As two-agent combination in Augmentin, Unasyn
Erythromycin, clindamycin (if penicillin allergic)
The above antibiotics also have good activity vs. Streptococci
Case 2 Skin tenderness and redness did not appear to
improve despite Augmentin has been given Pus grew MRSA after 2 days
R to methicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin S to clindamycin, vancomycin, gentamicin,
cotrimoxazole
Patient is clinically stable
Questions What is the drug of choice in MRSA infection? Can clindamycin be used in this case?
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) Healthcare-associated
Endemic in hospitals, old age homes
Risk factors Hospitalization in previous 1
year Recent surgery Old age home residence Renal dialysis Exposure to invasive devices Employment in a healthcare
institute
Community-associated Do not have usual risk
factors associated with HA-MRSA
More common in the following in overseas countries Children with chronic skin
condition Prisoners Military personnel Aboriginals Injection drug users The homeless Contact sports athletes
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Healthcare-associated
Multiresistant to
Clindamycin
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones
Community-associated
Often remains susceptible to
Clindamycin
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones
More associated with skin/soft tissue infections and severe necrotizing pneumonia
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Obtain culture for susceptibility testing right before empirical antibiotics!
Treatment (as per Sanford Guide 37th ed)
Community-associated Mild to moderate infections
Abscess, afebrile, immunocompetent, outpatient
Cotrimoxazole / doxycycline / minocycline rifampin
Clindamycin (do not use if R to erythromycin due to inducible resistance)
Abscess with fever, outpatient
Cotrimoxazole-DS + rifampin or linezolid
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Clinical guideline for management of suspected CA-MRSA infections (15 March 2007) Most CA-MRSA isolates in HKSAR are susceptible to:
Cotrimoxazole
Doxycycline, minocycline
Clindamycin
Moxifloxacin
Out-patient oral therapy available for uncomplicated CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infection
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Antimicrobials for outpatient therapy of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue
infections (Clinical guideline for management of suspected CA-MRSA
infections,15 March 2007)
Agent Potential
advantage
Precautions Usual adult dose
(oral)
Cotrimoxazole Oral Not for patient with sulfa
allergy / G6PD
960mg bd
Doxycycline High skin
concentration
Not for children <12 yo
or pregnant women
200mg once, then
100mg bd
Minocycline As above As above 100mg bd
Clindamycin Inhibit toxin
production
Inducible resistance if
erythromycin resistant
300-450mg tds
Moxifloxacin Oral Resistance may
develop during therapy
400mg qd
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Appropriate treatment in uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infection
Cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, minocycline or moxifloxacin
Clindamycin is not reliable in this case
Inducible clindamycin resistance due to erythromycin resistance
Case 2 What to do if
the organism is resistant to agents listed above and vancomycin, and
Infection is complicated (unstable patient, extensive involvement, severe sepsis, etc)?
VISA and VRSA VISA: vancomycin-intermediate Staph aureus
VRSA: vancomycin-resistant Staph aureus
Classified based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (CDC definition)
VISA: vancomycin MIC is 4-8 µg/ml
VRSA: vancomycin MIC is >16 µg/ml
(HA Central Committee on Infectious Diseases) Susceptible: vancomycin MIC is ≤ 4µg/ml
VISA: vancomycin MIC is 8-16 µg/ml
VRSA: vancomycin MIC is >32 µg/ml
Another version of …?
Bad Cellulitis
MRSA
VISA and VRSA More likely to develop among patients with
Underlying conditions (including renal failure) which predispose the patient to MRSA colonization;
Indwelling medical devices; and/or
MRSA infection requiring treatment with vancomycin for a prolonged period
Usually isolated during vancomycin (or teicoplanin) therapy for MRSA infections which fail to respond
VISA and VRSA Linezolid (Zyvox®)
(discussed in PRSP session)
Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid®)
Dalbavancin (Zeven®)
Still under investigation
Daptomycin (Cubicin®)
Tigecycline (Tygacil®)
Linezolid (Zyvox®)Demonstrate bacteriostatic action vs. VISA
and VRSA
Indications Complicated skin and skin structure infections,
including diabetic foot infections, without concomitant osteomyelitis, caused by MSSA or MRSA, Strep pyogenes, or Strep agalactiae
Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infectionscaused by MSSA or Strep pyogenes
Tigecycline (Tygacil®) A glycylcycline
Derived from minocycline
A very broad spectrum antibiotic
Covers many resistant strains of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms
Note active vs. Pseudomonas
Both in vitro and in vivo activities have been demonstrated against MSSA, MRSA, and VISA
Tigecycline (Tygacil®) Indications
Complicated skin and skin structure infections by Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis
(vancomycin-susceptible isolates only)
Staphylococcus aureus (Methi-S or Methi-R)
Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus anginosus grp. Streptococcus pyogenes Bacteroides fragilis
Complicated intra-abdominal infections by Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter cloacae E. coli, K. oxytoca, K.
pneumoniae Enterococcus faecalis (Vanco-
S isolates only) Staphylococcus aureus
(Methi-S or Methi-R) Streptococcus anginosus
group Bacteriodes fragilis Clostridium perfringens Peptostreptococcus micros
Gram-negative superbugsResistant Gram-negative bacteria terminology
ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing
Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
MRPA (MDR-PA) Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MRAB (MDR-AB) Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Pan-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa /
Acinetobacter baumannii
Case 3 M/59
Presented with 2-day history of right upper quadrant pain, fever, jaundice
Emesis x 2 past 24 hours, dark color urine
Elevated LFT
Radiologic finding: dilated common bile duct, no increase in gallbladder size
Diagnosis: acute cholangitis
Question What is the empirical therapy?
Acute cholangitis/cholecystitis Microbiology
Gram negative enterics
E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp.
Anerobes
Bacteriodes fragilis, Clostridium spp.
Enterococcus
Acute cholangitis/cholecystitis Adequate drainage is essential
Empirical treatment complementary to drainage
Augmentin/Unasyn ± aminoglycoside
Timentin
Cefuroxime + metronidazole
Ciprofloxacin (if beta-lactam allergic)
Case 3 Biliary drainage performed with cefuroxime +
metronidazole pre- and post-operation Became septic (with high fever, tachycardia, WBC
> 12 x 109/L) 2 days post-op Blood culture grew E. coli (ESBL-producing),
moderately sensitive to Augmentin, sensitive to Sulperazon and imipenem
Question What is the appropriate treatment? Can Augmentin or Sulperazon be used?
Enterobacteriaceae Susceptible strains of E. coli and Klebsiella are
sensitive to
Augmentin/Unasyn
Cefuroxime (if resistant to above)
Other anti gram-negative penicillins/cephs also work
Fluoroquinolones (if allergic to beta-lactams)
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
Any bacterial enzymes that are capable of inactivating third generation cephalosporins
Generally regarded as resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins
Drug of choice Urinary tract infection
Cotrimoxazole, Augmentin, nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin / ciprofloxain
Other serious infections Carbapenems: imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem (reliable activity vs.
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae) Fluoroquinolone + aminoglycoside
Case 3 Augmentin and Sulperazon are not appropriate
Patient is clinically septic (likely due to the ESBL-producing strain of E. coli)
The strain is only apparently susceptible to the above agents
Appropriate agent
Ertapenem (no activity vs. Pseudomonas)
Imipenem (when activity vs. Pseudomonas required)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negative bacilli
Frequently present in small numbers in the normal intestinal flora and on the skin of humans and is the major pathogen
Causes diseases in patients with abnormal host defenses, e.g. When mucous membranes and skin are disrupted
When intravenous or urinary catheters are used
When neutropenia is present (as in chemotherapy)
Intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Drug of choice
Antipseudomonal penicillins/cephalosporins Piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam (Tazocin), ticarcillin/clavulanate
(Timentin)
Ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefepime
Carbapenems Imipenem, meropenem (NOT ertapenem)
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (less activity than cipro)
Often a two-drug combination is employed except in uncomplicated UTI
Piperacillin vs. Tazocin Tazobactam in Tazocin®
Tazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor
Renders the combination of Tazocin® more active against
Gram positive: MSSA
Gram negative: Haemophilus influenzae and others
Anaerobe: Bacteroides fragilis
Piperacillin vs. Tazocin Tazobactam in Tazocin®
For Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible to piperacillin, Tazocin 4.5g Q8H IV and Piperacillin 4g Q8H IV are equivalent
At common usual dose (HA Corp drug price as of May 2007)
Piperacillin 4g/vial: $56
Tazocin® 4.5g/vial: $108
Multidrug resistantGram-negative organisms
Any treatment options for
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, or
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
that are pan-resistant?
Colistin (Colomycin®) Indeed an old, toxic drug!
a.k.a. Polymyxin E, colistimethate sodium Now being used with increasing frequency due to necessity
(multidrug resistant Gram-negatives) Risk of neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Spectrum of activity (check susceptibility!) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. E. coli and Klebsiella (incl. ESBL-producing strains), Enterobacter
spp. Citrobacter spp, Hemophilus spp.
Indications Disease due to Gram-negative bacteria, acute or chronic due to
sensitive strains of certain gram-negative bacilli
Acinetobacter baumannii Common cause of nosocomial infection especially
in ICU setting
Drug of choice
Ampicillin/sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam (sulbactam highly active vs. Acinetobacter) or fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)
Gentamicin added to prevent resistance and for synergy
Imipenem, meropenem can be used
Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter strains are often resistant to
antimicrobial agents
Other agents with in vitro activity vs. Acinetobacter baumannii
Minocycline / doxycycline
Tigecycline
Colistin
Sinusitis: X-raysStreptococcus PneumoniaHemophillus InfluenzaMorexalla Catarrhalis
Sinusitis: Treatment Mild Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS)
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/clavulanate
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefpodoxime
Or antistrep. fluoroquinolones:
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Sinusitis: Treatment Drug option in the case of allergies to penicillin and
cephalosporin with Mild ABS:
Doxycycline
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxizole
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Sinusitis: Treatment Drug option in the case of allergies to penicillin and
cephalosporin with Moderate to Severe ABS:
Antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone:
Levofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Intra-abdominal infections Common bacterial organisms
GNRs
E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus
Enterococcus and anaerobes also common
Intra-abdominal infections Empiric therapy should cover GNRs and anaerobes
(Bacteroides fragilis)
Ampicillin/sulbactam
Ticarcillin/clavulanate
Piperacillin/tazobactam
Carbepenem: imipenem, meropenem
Intra-abdominal infections Cefoxitin no longer has reliable coverage against B.
fragilis
Cefotetan, another second generation cephalosporin, might be back on the market soon
Pts allergic to penicillin could use:
Fluoroquinolone + metronidazole
For severely ill, cover Pseudomonas
Pregnancy Avoid tetracycline class
Staining of teeth and bones in babies
Avoid sulfa drugs in the third trimester
May be associated with kernicterus
Avoid aminoglycosides
Kidney toxicities
Fluoroquinolones – class C
Concerns about cartilage development
Pregnancy Treat the Mother first and the baby will appreciate it
Penicillins and cephalosporins are generally safe in pregnancy.
Macrolides are generally safe
They may increase nausea early on
Meningitis: Treatment Adults and children>2 months old:
High dose ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
+
Vancomycin
Ampicillin can be added if Listeria monocytogenes is a consideration
Meningitis: Use of steroids Give dexamethasone before or with the first dose of
antibiotics.
Corticosteroid treatment has been shown to decrease neurologic complications in children and is now recommended in adults.
Continue steroids every 6 hours for four days.
Antibiotic Stewardship Program in Hospital Authority Multidisciplinary, programmatic, prospective,
interventional approach to optimizing the use of antimicrobial agents
The multidisciplinary team typically includes
Clinical microbiologists
Infectious diseases specialists
Clinical pharmacists
Infection control practitioners
Antibiotic Stewardship Program Involves
Prescribing antimicrobial therapy only when it is beneficial to the patient
Targeting therapy to the desired pathogens
Using the appropriate drug, dose, and duration
Antibiotic Stewardship Program Should not be viewed simply as reduced use or a
strategy for cost containment
A strategy to enhance patient safety by
Minimizing exposure to drugs
Performing dose adjustments
Reducing redundant therapy
Targeting therapy to the likely pathogens
Big gun audit Big gun audit
Targets 2 types of antibiotics
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Tienam, Meropenem, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Tazocin, Sulperazon
All these agents have good Gram-negative as well as Pseudomonas coverage
Anti Gram-positive antibiotics
Vancomycin and teicoplanin
Active vs. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
To be used as second-line agents
IV-PO switch IV-PO switch
Criteria (as per IMPACT)
1. No indication for IV therapy
2. Patient is afebrile for ≥ 8 hours
3. WBC count is normalizing
Falling towards or < 10 x 109/L
4. Signs and symptoms related to infection are improving
5. Patient is not neutropenic
Neutrophil count > 2 x 109/L
IV-PO switch IV-PO switch
Criteria (as per IMPACT) 6. Able to take drugs by mouth (non-NPO)
7. No continuous nasogastric suctioning
8. No severe nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal obstruction, motility disorder
9. No malabsorption syndrome
E.g. small bowel syndrome due to resection
10. No pancreatitis or active gastrointestinal bleeding or other conditions that contraindicated to the use of oral medications
IV-PO switch IV-PO switch
Points to note
Prescribe dose based on creatinine clearance when antimicrobials require renal dosage adjustment
Augmentin®, Unasyn®, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
Drug interactions
Oral ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin with antacid, sucralfate, didanosine, dairy products and enteral feeds
Reducing bacterial resistance IMPACT (Interhospital Multi-disciplinary
Programme on Antimicrobial ChemoTherapy)
Available for download at: HKU Centre of Infection
http://www.hku.hk/hkucoi/impact.pdf
DH Centre for Health Protection
http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/reducing_bacterial_resistance_with_impact.pdf
HA intranet
http://ha.home/ho/ps/impact.pdf
Most updated: third version 2005 (version 3.0)
IMPACT guideline Contents of IMPACT guideline
Local antibiotic resistance
Guidelines for selected antimicrobial use, e.g.
Vancomycin
Ceftazidime
Imipenem/meropenem/ertapenem
Once daily aminoglycosides
Selected antifungal agents
Useful guides to antimicrobial therapy Sanford Guide
Covers a broad range of infectious diseases
IMPACT With commonly prescribed empirical therapy and
useful local resistance information
Local antibiogram Bacterial resistance specific to an institution or a cluster
of institutions
Conclusion New antibiotics intended to treat complicated
diseases are under investigation
Need to protect our antibiotic arsenal
Justified use of antimicrobials not only treats infections, but also improves patient outcomes and reduces the risk of development of bacterial resistance
Adherence to clinical guidelines, antimicrobial stewardship program and education helps to promote appropriate antimicrobial use
Conclusion Last but not least…
Infection control is of utmost importance in reducing risk of infection, use of antibiotics and hence emergence of bacterial resistance Hand hygiene
Appropriate isolation / contact restriction
Prompt reporting of certain infectious diseases (e.g. MRSA infections)
Many more!
Thank You