Post on 21-Jan-2016
transcript
AP Biology 2005-2006
Animal Behavior Modified from slideshow by Kim Foglia
Chapter 51.
What is behavior? Behavior
everything an animal does & how it does it link between animal & its environment
innate = inherited or developmentally fixed
learned = develop during animal’s lifetime
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oYmzdvMoUUA/0.jpg
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LearnedBehavior.html
Types of behaviors Innate behaviors
automatic, fixed, “built-in” despite different environments, all
individuals exhibit the behavior triggered by a stimulus
Learned behaviors modified by experience
variable triggered by a stimulus
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Proximate and Ultimate Questions Proximate questions: focus on
environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act Often are “how” questions
Example: How does day length influence breeding?
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Ultimate questions: address the evolutionary significance of a behavior Often “why” questions
Ex: Why did natural selection favor this behavior and not a different one?
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Ethology The scientific study of how animals
behave Four questions to be answered to fully
understand any behavior:
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What is the evolutionary history of the behavior?
How does this behavior contribute to the fitness of the organism?
What is the mechanistic basis of behavior, including chemical, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms?
How does the development of the animal influence behavior?
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Innate behavior Fixed action patterns (FAP)
sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started
sign stimulus releaser that triggers FAP
male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality
attack on red belly stimuluscourt on swollen belly stimulus
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Fixed Action Pattern
courtship display in sticklebacks
Example: FAPEGG ROLLING IN GEESE
If egg rolls away from the nest, the goose automatically rolls the egg back to the nest with a repeated, specific action.
When the female notices an egg outside the nest (signstimulus), she begins the repeated movement to drag the eggwith her beak and neck.
If, while the goose is rolling the egg back to the nest, theegg slides off to the side or is removed by an observer, thegoose continues to repeat the stereotypic movements, untilshe reaches the nest. She’ll then relocate the missing eggand begin the process all over again.
FAP in humans?
YAWNING- lasts around 6 seconds Just try stopping in mid-yawn. You
can’t. Once you begin to yawn, this
instinctive, hard-wired response must run its course, from beginning to end.
We are triggered to yawn when we see another
person (or animal) yawning.
Even seeing the word ‘yawn’ can trigger yawning
See video
OTHER EXAMPLES OF FAP
Mating dances
Gulls pecking red spot on mom’s beakstimulates regurgitation
Human baby graspinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern
http://lh6.ggpht.com/_bUTjf-hNPDk/R6tc9enBOzI/AAAAAAAAAbA/Fz2Rc68SM8Q/j0408981.jpg
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oYmzdvMoUUA/0.jpg
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Directed movements Taxis
change in direction automatic movement toward (positive taxis) or
away from (negative taxis) a stimulus phototaxis chemotaxis
Kinesis change in rate of
movement in response to a stimulus
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Migration Complex behavior, but still under
genetic control “migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred &
raised in captivity
migrating western sandpipersMonarchmigration
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Migration
Bobolink Golden plover
Summernestingrange
Winterrange
Summernestingrange
Winterrange
Following ancient fly-ways navigate by sun, stars, magnetic fields
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Imprinting Learning at a specific critical time
forming social attachments both learning & innate components
Konrad Lorenz was “mother” to these imprinted graylag goslings
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Imprinting for conservation Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Imprinting
Wattled crane conservation
teaching cranes to migrate
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Learned behavior Associative learning
learning to associate 1 feature of the environment (stimulus) with another operant conditioning
trial & error learning
classical conditioning stimulus &
reward/punishment
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Operant conditioning Skinner box
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Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s dogs
connect reflex behavior to associated stimulus
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Habituation Loss of response to
stimulus “cry-wolf” effect learn not to
respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus
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Thinking & problem-solving Do other animals think?
tool use
problem-solving
crow
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Do other animals think & plan?
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Social behaviors Contests for resources
develop as evolutionary adaptations agonistic behaviors
threatening & submissive rituals symbolic, usually no harm done
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Social behaviors Dominance hierarchy
social ranking within a group pecking order
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Social behaviors Altruistic behavior
reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient
kin selection
How can this be of adaptive value?
Belding ground squirrel
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Social behaviors Territoriality
nesting in birds
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Territoriality
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Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences
changes in behavior in different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression
Environmental influences modifies behavior
quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities
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Social interaction requires communication
Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a
response from other individuals alarm pheromones sex pheromones
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Pheromones
Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey
The female lion lures male by spreading sex pheromones, but also by posture & movements
Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
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Pheromones
Human pheromones?
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Honeybee communication Honey bee dance
to communicate location of food source Bee waggle dance
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Auditory communication Bird song
species identification & mating ritual mixed learned & innate critical learning period
Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically
controlled
Red-winged blackbird
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Social behaviors Cooperation
Pack of African dogs hunting
wildebeest cooperatively
White pelicans “herding” school
of fish
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Any Questions??