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APPENDIX-I
Phytochemical tests:
Tests for steroids:
i) Salkowski Tests: Chloroform solution of the extract when
shaken with concentrated sulphuric acid and on standing yields
red colour.
ii) Lieberman Burchardt tests: Chloroform solution of the extract
with few drops of acetic anhydride and one ml of concentrated
sulphuric acid from the sides gives reddish ring at the junction
of 2 layers.
Tests for Triterpenes:
i) Salkowski test: Chloroform solution of the extract when shaken
with concentrated sulphuric acid, lower layer turns to yellow on
standing.
ii) Lieberman Burchardt test: Chloroform solution of the extract
with few drops of acetic acid and one ml concentrated sulphuric
acid gives deep red at the junction of 2 layers.
iii) Tschugajen test: Chloroform solution of the extract with excess
of acetyl chloride and pinch of zinc chloride and warming on
water bath gives Eosin red colour.
Tests of Alkaloids:
The extracts were mixed with ammonia and then extracted with
chloroform solution. To this dilute hydrochloride acid was added. The
acid layer was used for chemical tests for alkaloids.
i) Mayer's test (Potassium Mercuric Iodide): The acid layer with
few drops of Mayer's reagent gives a creamy white precipitate.
ii) Wagner's Tests (Solution of Iodine in Potassium Iodide): The
acid layer with few drops of Wagner's reagent gives reddish
brown coloured precipitate.
iii) Hager's Test (Saturated solution of picric acid): The acid layer
with Hager's reagent gives yellow precipitate.
iv) Dragendroff's test (Solution of Potassium Bismuth Iodide): Acid
layer with few drops of Dragendroff's reagent gives reddish
brown precipitate.
Tests for Tannins:
i) Ferric chloride test: Extracts mixed with 1 % ferric chloride
solution gives blue, green or brownish green colour.
ii) Gelatin test: Extracts mixed with few drops of 1% solution of
gelatin containing 10% sodium chloride gives white precipitate.
Tests for Flavonoids:
i) Ferric chloride test: Alcoholic solution of the extracts mixed
with few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution gives green
colour.
ii) Lead acetate tests: Alcoholic solution of the extracts mixed with
few drops of 10 % lead acetate gives yellow precipitate.
Test for Lactones:
i) Legal's test: The extracts mixed with mixture of sodium nitro
prusside and pyridine and treatment with methanol alkali gives
deep red colour.
ii) Feigel's test: The acidified extracts when shaken with solvent
ether, the ether extract with few drops of saturated alcoholic
solution of potassium hydroxide in a porcelain crucible heated
over a flame until cooling it gives light pink colour with 1%
ferric chloride solution.
iii) Baljel's tests: The extracts mixed with solution of sodium
picrate gives yellow orange colour.
Tests for Diterpenes:
Copper acetate test: The extracts, mixed with solution of copper
acetate gives green colour.
Tests for Glycosides:
i) Sodium hydroxide reagent: Dissolve a small amount of alcoholic
extract in 1 ml water and add sodium hydroxide solution. A
yellow colour indicates the presence of glycosides.
ii) Kellar Killani's test: Dissolve the extract in water with Glacial
acetic acid and ferric chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
They give brown ring at the junction.
iii) Picrate paper tests (for cyanogenic glycosides): Extracts are
added with few drops of chloroform and concentrated sulphuric
acid. The test tube is tightly stopped with picrate paper
protruding into the test tube when kept on water bath, positive
sample turns yellow picrate paper into red.(Bark,1963)
Tests for Saponins:
i) Foam test: A small amount of extract is shaken with little
quantity of water. The foam produced persists for 10 min. It
confirms the presence of saponins.
ii) Haemolysis test: To 2 ml normal saline in 2 test tubes, 2 ml
distilled water is added to one and two ml of 1 % extract to the
other five drops of blood is added to each test tube and gently
mixed with the content. Haemolysis observed under the
microscope in the tube containing the extracts indicates the
presence of saponin.
APPENDIX-II
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of insulin The insulin kit reagents and their constitution
Sl.
No.
Kit reagent Colour
No. of
vials
Reconstitution of one vial
1 123 I-Insulin Red 2 Added 6 ml assay buffer
2 Insulin standard
1 milli IU/vial
White 1 Added 5 ml assay buffer
3 Insulin antiserum
(Guinea pig)
Green 1 Added 10 ml assay buffer
4 Insulin free serum - 1 Added 2 ml double distilled
water
5 Second antibody (Anti-
Guinea pig IgG)
Blue 1 Ready to use solution
6 Polyethylene glycol - 1 Ready to use solution
7 Assay buffer - 1 Ready to use solution
8 Insulin controls A & B - 2 Added 0.5 ml double distilled
water
The insulin concentration in the reconstituted standard was 200 U/ml. This was
standard A, five more standard dilutions were prepared as follows:
Insulin standard B C D E F
Standard-A (ml) 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Assay buffer (ml) 1.0 1.5 3.5 7.5 15.5
Insulin concentration (U/ml) 100 50 25 12.5 6.25
The insulin assay flow chart
All the tubes were mixed gently and incubated at +2 to +4 C overnight.
All the tubes were mixed gently and incubated for 3 hours at room temperature.
Centrifuged at 1500 g for 20 minutes.
Tube
No.
Assay buffer
Insulin std. (ml)
Serum sample (ml)
Insulin free serum (ml)
Insulin anti-serum (ml)
I-125 Insulin
Second antibody (ml)
PEG
1, 2 3, 4
5, 6
7, 8
9, 10
11, 12
13, 14
15, 16
17, 18
19, 20
21,22
-
0.4
0.3 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
- -
-
0.1F
0.1E
0.1D
0.1C
0.1B
0.1A
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
0.1
- 0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
-
-
- -
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
- 0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
- 1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
After centrifugation, the supernatant was decanted and radioactivity in the
precipitate was counted in a Gamma counter (LKB Wallac 1261 multigamma, U.S.A.
).
1. All the duplicates were averaged.
2. The average count of tubes 1 & 2 was called total count (T)
3. The average count of tubes 3 & 4 was called blank count (B)
4. The blank count was subtracted from the average of all the remaining duplicates.
This was called corrected average count.
5. The zero standard binding or B0 was calculated which is as follows
Calculations
Corrected average count of tubes 5 & 6
% B = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
Total count
6. The percentage B/B0 of all standards and samples was calculated by the formula.
Corrected average count of Standard or sample
% B/Bo = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 100
Corrected average count of tubes 5 & 6
7. The standard curve was plotted by % B / B0 on y- axis against U/ml of insulin
on X-axis.
The sample value from the standard curve obtained was read as U of insulin per ml
directly.
All the tubes were vortexed and kept at room temperature for 20 minutes.
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
1
Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
2 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma insulin (μu/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
3 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
4 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma insulin (μu/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
5 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
6 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum HDL-choloesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
7 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
8 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
9 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum triglycerides (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
10 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum phospholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
11 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
12 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
13 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
14
Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
15 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
16 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
17 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue superoxide dismutase (u/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan
diabetic rats 18 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue
catalase (cat unit/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats 19 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue lipid
peroxidation (nmol of mda /g of tissue /min ) level (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
20 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
21 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma insulin (u/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
22 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum toal cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan-diabetic rats
23 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats
24 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats
25 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
26 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum triglyceride (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
27
Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum phopsholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
28 effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of murraya koenigii leaf on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
29 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
30 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
31 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
32 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on alanine amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
33 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on aspartate amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
34 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue superoxide dismutase activity (u/mg of protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
35 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue catalase activity (cat unit/mg protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
36 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue lipid peroxidation (mda /g of tissue /min) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
37 Oral glucose tolerance test: effect administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
38 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
39 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
40 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
41
effect of oral administration murraya koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats
42 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats
43 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on red blood cell count (106/mm3) (meansem) in rats
44 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on white blood cell count (103/mm3) (meansem) in rats
45 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on haemoglobin (g/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
46 The physical characteristics of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts 47 The solubility of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts in different solvents
48 The phytochemical analysis of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts
TABLE 1: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg
b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
DC DMSO 1ml 287.514.5 288.718.6 283.123.6 280.617.6 281.519.5 278.816.6 274.917.9 271.821.3 270.420.9
A1 Aqueous 100 294.622.8 289.618.6 286.419.5 288.414.8 278.515.6 269.416.7 271.421.8 257.617.9 242.918.4
A2 Aqueous 1000 281.817.4 272.916.9 261.612.8 248.617.8 224.619.6* 216.920.4* 198.717.5* 187.919.7* 179.821.5*
C1 Chloroform 100 287.618.6 284.621.6 282.619.4 278.418.6 273.817.9 274.919.8 268.923.1 264.221.6 261.119.5
C2 Chloroform 1000 291.323.6 290.421.6 287.520.6 282.616.8 276.418.9 271.618.7 269.415.8 263.518.6 261.816.3
M1 Methanol 100 283.919.6 278.621.3 276.519.5 268.918.7 261.322.6 258.922.6 253.418.4 246.323.8 240.521.8
M2 Methanol 1000 286.420.9 271.623.5 265.822.6 252.622.3 241.917.9 222.718.4* 202.623.6* 196.725.4* 181.624.3*
E1 Ether 100 288.617.9 287.518.6 281.116.7 277.619.7 278.721.3 271.219.5 270.521.6 268.617.9 266.318.9
E2 Ether 1000 289.419.7 286.318.6 281.820.8 279.518.6 276.518.4 268.521.6 266.720.7 258.923.7 252.922.1
TABLE 2: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg
b.w.) 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
DC DMSO 1ml 18.280.49 18.900.52 19.060.68 19.210.59 19.420.67 19.760.76 19.980.58 21.160.84 21.960.76
A1 Aqueous 100 18.350.72 18.660.58 19.160.64 19.540.58 19.880.67 20.080.67 21.290.48 21.790.57 22.570.52
A2 Aqueous 1000 18.690.61 19.230.83 20.460.98 21.350.78 21.780.83 22.850.76* 23.581.08* 25.361.18** 27.480.97**
C1 Chloroform 100 19.071.09 19.290.91 19.871.05 20.181.26 20.450.98 20.561.11 20.881.36 21.171.12 21.541.38
C2 Chloroform 1000 18.370.79 18.490.64 19.880.79 20.380.65 20.760.89 21.250.94 21.971.27 22.181.19 22.741.17
M1 Methanol 100 17.981.34 18.350.79 19.140.68 19.860.76 20.350.86 20.940.73 21.350.97 21.781.28 22.871.16
M2 Methanol 1000 18.260.83 18.920.76 19.470.85 20.381.24 21.360.94 22.841.18* 24.361.11** 26.650.87** 28.480.76**
E1 Ether 100 18.420.86 18.690.73 19.471.12 19.791.28 20.481.34 21.361.08 21.860.98 22.150.84 22.391.25
E2 Ether 1000 18.060.79 18.560.81 19.470.89 19.870.78 21.380.97 21.931.24 22.570.78 24.350.86 24.871.17
TABLE 3: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg
b.w.) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 289.2514.69 284.3815.78 286.3819.34 284.6418.61 278.3916.27 280.4920.35 276.2119.07
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 282.3516.36 256.5417.64 228.6118.58 209.3720.06* 186.3419.34** 173.3519.64** 162.5417.57**
DME Metformin 10 289.3421.39 268.1920.01 252.4119.47 232.5721.21 218.1816.75 199.3817.45** 181.3718.71**
DA1 Aqueous 200 278.1812.64 271.3816.34 264.3716.27 252.1818.36 234.5917.45 221.2419.11 219.3418.61
DA2 Aqueous 400 282.2516.48 264.3114.58 248.2417.28 231.6719.34 218.1518.64 202.4715.15* 186.2920.08**
DA3 Aqueous 800 284.3618.51 266.5614.25 238.6116.31 222.3718.65 202.3819.08* 172.3117.60** 164.3919.34**
DM1 Methanol 200 281.6717.62 271.5821.35 267.6115.34 253.1518.74 248.1716.34 232.1812.48 221.3711.59
DM2 Methanol 400 279.8614.69 256.2119.32 248.6718.47 228.1719.34 214.3116.36 201.4815.29* 184.6117.51**
DM3 Methanol 800 283.6718.57 261.4516.34 241.6713.81 226.4817.28 198.5415.86* 176.6017.59** 160.0716.27**
TABLE 4: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 18.370.64 17.560.81 18.640.57 19.760.69 19.290.76 20.840.72 21.080.91
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 18.580.57 24.670.86** 28.670.91** 31.640.99** 33.611.18** 30.081.37** 29.311.67**
DME Metformin 10 19.150.69 20.370.95 19.680.87 21.081.39 21.891.19 22.340.98 21.720.81
DA1 Aqueous 200 18.420.65 19.640.89 19.670.67 20.190.76 22.340.96 24.761.48 23.481.07
DA2 Aqueous 400 18.910.69 19.370.82 19.660.73 21.381.31 24.971.65* 28.131.28** 29.311.71**
DA3 Aqueous 800 19.060.87 20.860.64 25.390.89** 28.741.31** 32.761.34** 35.181.28** 36.741.42**
DM1 Methanol 200 18.391.12 19.641.09 21.360.91 23.510.85 24.181.28* 24.691.31* 26.181.52*
DM2 Methanol 400 19.340.76 19.271.06 21.921.27 23.460.92 26.311.34** 27.881.16** 31.341.48**
DM3 Methanol 800 19.181.34 21.161.26 25.671.48** 29.341.64** 32.151.29** 36.281.46** 38.171.62**
TABLE 5: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg
b.w.)) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 112.154.38 125.414.91 133.275.59 152.855.76 148.674.88 157.365.47 161.976.11
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 114.674.56 118.644.84 122.944.96 132.575.45 138.455.81 141.575.15* 150.056.19
DME Metformin 10 111.375.61 114.214.89 119.345.15* 126.535.67* 129.845.42** 132.374.99** 136.185.17**
DA1 Aqueous 200 110.674.65 115.374.57 122.364.94 126.955.43 136.495.94 141.625.82* 149.615.16
DA2 Aqueous 400 114.574.14 116.184.58 121.344.59 129.254.41 124.575.65** 119.475.47** 111.546.28*
DA3 Aqueous 800 114.615.41 115.345.57 108.828.91** 101.246.21** 99.346.75** 92.915.93** 90.096.27**
DM1 Methanol 200 112.284.96 114.615.41 120.385.23 123.575.87 132.245.13* 139.525.79* 144.655.71*
DM2 Methanol 400 116.455.41 119.615.29 125.645.82 132.916.54 128.516.61** 123.576.12** 116.846.96**
DM3 Methanol 800 115.235.36 114.285.18 106.376.27** 98.586.08** 94.725.84** 91.326.69** 89.866.73**
TABLE 6: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM HDL-CHOLOESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 38.581.65 36.911.54 35.241.82 33.931.90 31.521.33 31.461.54 29.232.13
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 36.612.31 36.282.49 35.941.99 34.122.57 35.242.37 34.152.94 32.343.18
DME Metformin 10 39.162.18 38.242.31 36.502.72 38.372.43 36.132.18 36.292.91 36.813.06
DA1 Aqueous 200 36.982.65 35.342.57 36.272.94 38.543.43 39.163.94 38.613.82 39.193.16*
DA2 Aqueous 400 36.762.38 36.452.61 38.192.59 38.912.41 39.662.91 40.063.17 41.823.24*
DA3 Aqueous 800 36.972.61 35.412.57 38.572.91 39.182.24 41.513.15 42.932.64* 44.563.83**
DM1 Methanol 200 38.192.58 37.212.61 38.172.94 39.342.61 39.913.38 40.283.27 41.313.19*
DM2 Methanol 400 37.612.35 37.682.85 38.522.49 39.462.64 41.342.38 40.162.91 42.272.86*
DM3 Methanol 800 38.153.12 39.153.54 39.623.69 41.373.48 42.133.49 44.312.92* 45.423.13**
TABLE 7: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 41.973.61 55.983.82 64.463.16 84.344.13 82.504.61 89.414.85 95.124.91
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 46.863.24 50.543.16 54.023.65 64.824.16 68.964.53 72.904.68 82.754.86
DME Metformin 10 40.514.25 43.724.31 50.164.36 56.094.59** 61.294.75* 64.144.86** 67.134.91**
DA1 Aqueous 200 42.573.92 48.333.83 54.204.16 55.434.28** 63.454.95* 68.564.97* 75.574.83*
DA2 Aqueous 400 46.463.85 48.033.46 51.433.45 58.003.79** 53.054.67** 48.184.67** 38.854.82**
DA3 Aqueous 800 45.983.75 47.683.46 39.003.83* 31.674.26** 27.455.37** 20.635.66** 16.865.85**
DM1 Methanol 200 42.443.92 45.104.65 49.254.34 50.514.26** 58.464.75** 64.484.36** 68.564.85**
DM2 Methanol 400 47.594.36 50.414.64 54.854.56 61.504.87** 55.304.96** 52.074.88** 43.894.93**
DM3 Methanol 800 45.734.31 43.464.26 36.254.94* 27.524.97** 23.745.34** 19.005.26** 16.615.54**
TABLE 8: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 31.600.94 32.521.24 33.571.19 34.581.27 35.651.18 36.491.21 37.621.32
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 31.201.12 31.821.06 32.981.17 33.631.21 34.251.97 34.521.31 34.960.96
DME Metformin 10 31.701.18 32.251.24 32.680.91 32.070.92 32.420.99 31.941.13* 32.241.09**
DA1 Aqueous 200 31.121.26 31.701.21 31.891.18 32.981.38 33.881.13 34.451.21 34.851.09
DA2 Aqueous 400 31.350.96 31.700.91 31.720.86 32.341.12 31.861.11 31.231.03** 30.871.07**
DA3 Aqueous 800 31.660.94 32.250.92 31.250.99 30.390.81 30.380.89* 29.350.83** 28.670.92**
DM1 Methanol 200 31.650.86 32.300.91 32.960.99 33.721.16 33.871.24 34.761.16 34.781.21
DM2 Methanol 400 31.251.16 31.521.18 32.271.06 31.951.09 31.870.96 31.340.93* 30.681.07**
DM3 Methanol 800 31.350.93 31.670.88 30.500.86 29.690.94* 28.850.99** 28.011.10** 27.831.02**
TABLE 9: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 158.364.61 162.585.85 167.855.17 172.915.43 178.275.29 182.465.56 188.145.81
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 156.365.61 159.145.17 164.915.68 168.165.38 171.274.96 172.615.83 174.825.19
DME Metformin 10 158.525.24 161.295.62 163.434.91 160.384.73 162.135.13 159.725.49 161.235.99
DA1 Aqueous 200 155.615.37 158.525.29 159.465.49 164.915.82 169.425.76 172.275.94 174.285.18
DA2 Aqueous 400 156.764.61 158.544.97 158.625.19 161.735.37 159.335.43 156.175.72* 154.375.95**
DA3 Aqueous 800 158.314.72 161.274.37 156.275.91 154.526.19 151.916.75** 146.768.22** 143.376.26**
DM1 Methanol 200 158.284.69 161.544.93 164.825.18 168.615.27 169.375.31 173.835.38 173.915.16
DM2 Methanol 400 156.265.26 157.615.34 161.385.19 159.755.43 159.345.81 156.735.73* 153.415.95**
DM3 Methanol 800 156.794.37 158.374.61 152.534.82 148.374.93* 144.295.46** 140.055.72** 139.165.66**
TABLE 10: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 126.344.61 131.134.83 134.835.16 137.295.46 141.285.13 144.915.72 149.725.53
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 128.615.31 129.135.13 132.675.26 134.264.91 137.864.61 140.034.37 142.315.16
DME Metformin 10 126.835.13 128.195.61 131.125.31 133.424.24 132.154.61 136.314.94 138.734.81
DA1 Aqueous 200 126.435.34 129.145.16 132.615.29 134.195.33 137.265.21 139.435.21 140.165.38
DA2 Aqueous 400 128.434.26 130.334.53 131.264.16 129.434.53 126.424.26 122.164.93* 120.155.28*
DA3 Aqueous 800 127.915.26 130.265.19 128.195.24 124.345.42 120.425.38* 116.195.61** 112.425.43**
DM1 Methanol 200 126.485.61 128.375.26 129.165.43 131.265.57 129.825.43 126.375.82 122.345.16**
DM2 Methanol 400 128.164.92 131.274.53 129.464.83 126.375.16 123.395.42 121.425.16* 118.475.72**
DM3 Methanol 800 126.845.28 129.165.16 123.675.42 120.735.09 116.275.11** 111.345.73** 107.595.76**
TABLE 11: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 396.8515.36 419.1215.82 435.9516.37 463.0516.53 468.2217.26 484.7317.25 499.8317.68
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 399.6415.36 406.9115.38 420.5215.94 434.9915.86 447.5816.28 454.2116.26 467.1816.94
DME Metformin 10 396.7215.82 403.6915.94 413.8916.25 420.3316.46 424.1216.28 428.4017.32 436.1417.13
DA1 Aqueous 200 392.7116.37 403.0316.94 414.4316.82 426.0516.79 443.1717.35 453.3217.33 464.0517.56
DA2 Aqueous 400 399.7615.34 405.0515.64 411.2215.37 420.4117.38 410.3217.39 397.8018.28** 386.0618.64**
DA3 Aqueous 800 400.8315.36 406.8715.27 393.2816.16 380.1016.85** 371.6717.26** 355.8617.35** 345.8817.38**
DM1 Methanol 200 397.0416.58 404.5216.34 414.3616.76 423.4417.64 431.4317.86 439.7218.35 440.9018.26
DM2 Methanol 400 400.8715.65 408.4916.25 416.4816.54 419.0317.61 411.2417.91 401.7218.38** 388.7218.86**
DM3 Methanol 800 398.8615.26 401.8116.34 382.5716.52 367.6817.26** 355.2817.89** 242.7118.64** 336.6118.98**
TABLE 12: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM
CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.760.13 0.830.16 0.960.19 1.340.21 1.620.20 1.890.23 2.120.21
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 0.680.11 0.710.16 0.770.19 0.890.17 0.930.19 0.990.19* 1.240.20*
DME Metformin 10 0.720.16 0.730.18 0.780.19 0.860.19 0.920.21* 1.120.18* 1.060.23**
DA1 Aqueous 200 0.780.19 0.820.16 0.920.18 0.980.16 0.870.19* 0.850.21** 0.830.21**
DA2 Aqueous 400 0.740.16 0.790.19 0.800.15 0.760.19 0.710.15** 0.680.18** 0.640.18**
DA3 Aqueous 800 0.690.19 0.720.18 0.750.19 0.770.15 0.650.19** 0.610.21** 0.560.22**
DM1 Methanol 200 0.720.18 0.760.16 0.790.15 0.860.18 0.910.16* 0.900.19** 0.880.19**
DM2 Methanol 400 0.790.16 0.760.13 0.820.15 0.730.18 0.660.16** 0.620.19** 0.590.18**
DM3 Methanol 800 0.730.15 0.710.13 0.830.15 0.760.16 0.690.18** 0.620.19** 0.540.18**
TABLE 13: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 28.362.64 34.263.26 38.163.46 47.162.89 51.263.49 58.434.16 66.495.58
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 26.593.15 31.263.42 34.162.95 39.572.67 44.272.83 46.293.52 48.613.49**
DME Metformin 10 27.532.95 29.562.88 31.263.24 36.593.16 38.563.51* 41.293.42** 43.823.42**
DA1 Aqueous 200 26.822.57 30.562.65 32.492.43 36.752.81 34.683.14** 31.263.28** 32.683.44**
DA2 Aqueous 400 25.852.36 26.462.56 29.852.47 31.262.94** 28.732.86** 28.163.18** 26.123.27**
DA3 Aqueous 800 27.562.69 28.372.86 30.582.91 29.463.25** 28.183.46** 26.193.24** 24.683.18**
DM1 Methanol 200 28.192.69 29.532.85 31.572.73 32.692.91** 34.162.64** 33.823.08** 30.643.11**
DM2 Methanol 400 27.613.26 28.583.27 28.673.16 33.263.19** 31.643.06** 28.733.33** 26.123.21**
DM3 Methanol 800 28.462.36 28.642.43 26.352.65* 27.642.51** 26.432.85** 24.362.69** 23.372.94**
TABLE 14: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 46.363.58 52.2610.36 86.4616.59 146.4922.64 194.3624.16 249.4934.16 327.2641.36
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 42.365.26 58.6112.36 81.3613.58 126.4918.64 156.7532.56 194.3626.19 218.3628.42*
DME Metformin 10 51.286.51 74.4311.36 88.6119.59 113.3715.24 137.2824.67 165.3722.33 173.7131.28**
DA1 Aqueous 200 49.866.16 58.1210.42 67.8716.28 85.8318.39 117.2821.37 123.4623.16** 138.9728.43**
DA2 Aqueous 400 44.535.61 50.349.28 72.2612.62 91.6716.43 98.6118.53* 76.2818.86** 66.7921.54**
DA3 Aqueous 800 46.9112.53 51.6715.67 66.5316.42 55.1916.82** 48.4719.43** 39.5118.18** 36.8218.31**
DM1 Methanol 200 45.266.34 66.288.61 73.1913.46 89.1916.25 112.3719.34 109.4818.27** 98.2618.53**
DM2 Methanol 400 48.386.53 72.349.26 78.2915.67 84.1616.29 72.1416.43** 66.3117.26** 61.2819.46**
DM3 Methanol 800 47.648.26 52.279.46 61.3712.37 55.2616.48** 48.4914.52** 41.6312.38** 38.5915.69**
TABLE 15: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 38.534.62 54.619.56 78.2610.58 128.5611.29 186.5218.64 243.2819.28 288.6421.64
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 36.296.54 52.678.67 66.1910.64 89.4613.49 128.4212.57* 157.6718.54** 197.2718.57**
DME Metformin 10 38.155.26 42.198.46 52.399.16 78.648.37 94.6712.46** 129.6515.46** 138.4615.73**
DA1 Aqueous 200 36.465.35 41.299.16 58.1613.51 66.2918.42* 78.4317.69** 88.2919.45** 112.3719.56**
DA2 Aqueous 400 38.265.61 41.268.27 48.679.43 51.6714.67** 48.2614.68** 44.5715.28** 40.3718.27**
DA3 Aqueous 800 34.926.26 39.468.16 44.688.46 41.399.28** 38.2913.57** 36.4316.49** 32.7618.94**
DM1 Methanol 200 35.678.26 46.199.46 51.3815.68 61.2916.46** 59.6714.67** 55.6716.82** 52.6717.68**
DM2 Methanol 400 36.595.37 39.466.54 43.687.59 46.5912.68** 42.6814.26** 38.4913.56** 32.1912.59**
DM3 Methanol 800 38.165.68 45.678.26 41.268.43 36.1615.26** 32.5912.38** 30.5813.56** 28.4316.42**
TABLE 16: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values of respective days * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.650.13 0.820.19 1.350.22 1.490.24 1.560.28 1.710.29 1.830.27
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 0.710.19 0.980.21 1.240.26 1.320.24 1.410.27 1.690.26 1.870.28
DME Metformin 10 0.610.15 0.830.19 0.970.24 1.180.23 1.340.22 1.410.26 1.580.23
DA1 Aqueous 200 0.590.16 0.610.15 0.720.17 0.830.22 0.910.21 1.120.24 1.210.23
DA2 Aqueous 400 0.620.23 0.730.21 0.810.26 0.790.24 0.670.28 0.540.26* 0.530.27**
DA3 Aqueous 800 0.580.19 0.610.21 0.660.23 0.640.27 0.570.34 0.510.28* 0.460.28**
DM1 Methanol 200 0.680.32 0.720.31 0.830.29 0.910.24 1.130.24 1.060.28 0.960.27
DM2 Methanol 400 0.650.19 0.680.18 0.730.21 0.810.23 0.780.24 0.690.22* 0.610.26**
DM3 Methanol 800 0.580.17 0.630.15 0.680.19 0.710.21 0.660.24 0.580.26* 0.530.22**
TABLE 17: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (U/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values. * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS LIVER KIDNEY HEART
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 0.930.18 1.560.31 1.670.29 1.430.23
DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 1.340.21 3.180.83 3.560.94 3.721.15
DME Metformin 10 1.420.19 3.760.96 3.920.81 3.910.86
DA1 Aqueous 200 2.110.23** 3.240.87 4.290.85 3.270.83
DA2 Aqueous 400 2.490.27** 4.680.93 5.270.74* 4.820.96
DA3 Aqueous 800 3.110.26** 5.891.18* 6.141.12** 5.431.11*
DM1 Methanol 200 2.310.17** 3.290.86 4.290.73 3.911.19
DM2 Methanol 400 2.860.37** 5.281.64 5.481.38* 5.281.07*
DM3 Methanol 800 3.430.26** 6.431.42* 6.110.94** 5.691.19*
TABLE 18: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE CATALASE (CAT Unit/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values. * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS LIVER KIDNEY HEART
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 8.311.26 86.266.18 71.385.37 69.265.26 DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 15.342.13 110.387.28** 90.265.26* 76.214.81 DME Metformin 10 16.252.54 128.366.29** 96.184.96** 77.295.53 DA1 Aqueous 200 13.371.95 132.577.53** 98.675.29** 84.695.67 DA2 Aqueous 400 18.242.72 156.377.26** 112.385.54** 93.946.15* DA3 Aqueous 800 24.193.24** 184.267.41** 135.266.39** 118.826.18** DM1 Methanol 200 14.262.11 138.296.29** 104.285.23** 91.675.86 DM2 Methanol 400 18.643.16* 166.297.59** 124.866.57** 106.946.46** DM3 Methanol 800 26.833.88** 183.477.68** 141.687.16** 124.736.84**
TABLE 19: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (nmol of MDA /g of tissue /min ) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (DC) values. * P< 0.05
** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS LIVER KIDNEY HEART
DC 10% DMSO 1ml 6.290.96 8.361.21 19.342.67 11.932.52 DGL Glibenclamide 0.25 4.120.91 5.681.31 15.382.38 8.161.92 DME Metformin 10 3.670.72 4.291.10* 13.642.64 7.521.64 DA1 Aqueous 200 4.160.81 4.920.93 10.592.18 6.381.87 DA2 Aqueous 400 2.970.58* 4.250.83* 9.532.06* 4.291.87* DA3 Aqueous 800 2.160.64** 4.060.61* 7.682.19** 3.681.94* DM1 Methanol 200 4.290.83 4.620.89 9.962.56* 5.691.94 DM2 Methanol 400 3.080.95* 4.190.74* 9.492.58* 3.912.15* DM3 Methanol 800 2.350.81** 3.961.16* 8.291.59** 3.191.84*
TABLE 20: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS Group Details of
Extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 278.6515.67 289.5614.36 283.6418.46 283.1619.72 276.1617.83
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 282.6518.36 248.3719.46 227.1821.39 188.4620.85** 173.6019.46**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 279.6119.62 238.6821.57 198.2723.54* 176.4619.43** 161.9121.72**
TABLE 21: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA INSULIN (U/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 17.360.92 17.910.83 19.361.25 19.431.70 19.251.31
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 18.530.86 19.360.97 22.381.06 25.461.21* 28.431.38**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 17.961.36 19.371.52 23.761.34* 28.431.61** 30.281.52**
TABLE 22: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 118.365.26 132.535.18 141.615.39 156.375.68 163.425.83
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 116.825.91 119.535.86 112.696.25** 108.916.18** 103.726.37**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 118.366.26 116.326.85 109.466.37** 98.366.81** 94.856.73**
TABLE 23: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 34.262.35 32.612.16 31.672.58 31.952.67 30.252.64
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 36.352.61 36.192.53 38.152.46 38.692.75 40.462.68*
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 34.682.57 35.862.19 39.432.73 41.862.91* 43.293.27**
TABLE 24: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 53.5663.26 68.1823.58 76.6483.92 90.0844.28 97.6265.17
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 49.5363.58 52.8063.72* 44.7563.91** 40.9084.65** 34.8745.26**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 52.5423.82 49.9844.16** 40.7624.28** 25.0925.19** 24.2145.43**
TABLE 25: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 30.531.32 31.731.26 33.291.19 34.331.38 35.541.41
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 30.931.28 30.531.29 29.781.33 29.311.47* 28.381.41**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 31.131.16 30.471.27 29.261.23 27.891.38** 27.341.40**
TABLE 26: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 152.675.16 158.695.29 166.465.43 171.685.73 177.725.81
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 154.675.31 152.675.29 148.925.43 146.565.82** 141.935.75**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 155.695.36 152.385.86 146.345.82 139.495.76** 136.735.89**
TABLE 27: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM PHOPSHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 118.644.68 121.584.92 125.464.85 128.465.13 131.825.42
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 121.364.26 120.364.16 116.924.86 112.364.69 108.464.75**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 119.464.69 115.694.86 111.544.83 107.164.82* 101.574.69**
TABLE 28: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 389.6715.10 412.8015.39 433.5315.67 456.5116.54 472.9617.06
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 392.8515.48 392.5615.31 378.5316.54* 367.8316.69** 354.1116.87**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 393.5116.31 384.3917.57 367.3417.02* 345.0117.39** 333.1517.31**
TABLE 29: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 0.680.12 0.770.15 0.890.13 1.120.16 1.360.18
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 0.710.14 0.780.13 0.670.16 0.680.18 0.640.18*
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 0.690.18 0.620.19 0.580.17 0.530.18* 0.510.19**
TABLE 30: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 26.392.34 29.362.46 32.182.57 38.492.86 43.692.81
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 27.392.69 28.112.46 26.822.76 25.192.83** 24.362.96**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 26.312.39 28.692.83 24.262.76 23.492.94** 21.573.11**
TABLE 31: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF
MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 0.620.13 0.780.12 0.950.16 1.120.18 1.230.19
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 0.630.16 0.690.14 0.610.18 0.580.16 0.550.19*
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 0.590.14 0.610.16 0.580.16 0.540.18* 0.510.19*
TABLE 32: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 43.983.86 51.366.16 79.1912.36 128.6916.49 169.7618.43
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 44.934.69 46.564.91 52.166.69 48.368.16** 48.128.37**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 42.926.35 44.288.16 41.698.46* 39.4210.31** 37.379.14**
TABLE 33: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 21 28
FC Saline 1ml 36.435.16 46.825.39 61.268.36 95.159.76 127.6110.36
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 37.274.91 42.518.36 44.199.16 40.859.43** 38.759.76**
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 36.826.72 38.168.43 34.918.16 32.139.43** 31.8410.74**
TABLE 34: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY (U/mg of protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS
LIVER
KIDNEY
HEART
FC Saline 1ml 0.880.16 1.860.28 1.870.31 1.520.33
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 2.120.19** 4.670.82* 4.980.86* 4.570.92
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 2.890.21** 4.980.98* 5.841.06** 5.191.34*
TABLE 35: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE CATALASE ACTIVITY (CAT Unit/mg protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS
LIVER
KIDNEY
HEART
FC Saline 1ml 7.981.16 78.367.26 65.495.46 61.436.35
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 16.393.12 146.858.26** 109.464.96** 78.466.15
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 19.373.65* 172.948.72** 128.155.92** 98.285.81**
TABLE 36: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (MDA /g of tissue /min) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Compared with the control group (FC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
TISSUES
Group Details of Extracts
Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
PANCREAS
LIVER
KIDNEY
HEART
FC Saline 1ml 5.920.86 7.691.19 18.642.61 12.582.69
F1 Freeze dried extract 25 3.850.73 3.940.68* 11.352.48* 8.691.96
F2 Freeze dried extract 50 2.760.92* 3.521.29* 9.161.26** 4.671.68*
TABLE 37: ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST: EFFECT ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Minutes
Group Details.of extracts
Dose/Route -30 0 30 60 120 180
GC
Saline 1 ml oral 257.3618.49 256.3419.76 372.8321.81 350.4919.46 305.5818.35 282.3916.59
G1 Aqueous 800mg/kg oral 261.6819.58 258.6718.59 281.1919.58* 272.6923.58* 270.4621.69 271.4918.46
G2 Methanol 800mg/kg oral 262.1618.46 259.4321.36 273.3622.58** 263.5819.51* 260.4321.69 263.3320.198
G3
Freeze
dried
aqueous
extract
50mg/kg
I/P 259.3917.59 251.9122.18 271.4921.67** 267.1618.69* 262.3818.67 266.8219.46
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
TABLE 38: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 0.680.16 0.590.18 0.610.17 0.660.16
TA1 Aqueous extract 200 0.610.21 0.680.19 0.640.16 0.590.20
TA2 Aqueous extract 400 0.660.16 0.580.18 0.610.19 0.600.16
TA3 Aqueous extract 800 0.710.16 0.670.19 0.660.21 0.640.18
TM1 Methanol extract 200 0.680.16 0.640.19 0.650.20 0.610.24
TM2 Methanol extract 400 0.610.18 0.670.16 0.640.19 0.670.16
TM3 Methanol extract 800 0.630.19 0.670.23 0.690.18 0.650.13
TABLE 39: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 18.362.34 19.132.37 20.572.58 19.732.46
TA1 Aqueous extract 200 19.432.61 20.362.58 19.832.73 20.142.83
TA2 Aqueous extract 400 21.362.45 16.872.57 22.432.38 21.862.66
TA3 Aqueous extract 800 18.762.82 19.722.46 21.342.75 18.592.61
TM1 Methanol extract 200 21.562.47 21.892.68 19.732.18 18.432.68
TM2 Methanol extract 400 19.492.89 19.882.87 20.363.12 20.413.24
TM3 Methanol extract 800 22.112.58 21.922.68 20.363.16 19.733.26
TABLE 40: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 0.590.11 0.610.13 0.580.17 0.620.13
TA1 Aqueous extract 200 0.640.17 0.610.13 0.630.13 0.640.14
TA2 Aqueous extract 400 0.650.13 0.630.15 0.640.16 0.620.16
TA3 Aqueous extract 800 0.590.13 0.560.18 0.610.13 0.630.17 TM1 Methanol extract 200 0.640.18 0.620.16 0.630.16 0.620.17 TM2 Methanol extract 400 0.580.18 0.590.19 0.630.17 0.610.21 TM3 Methanol extract 800 0.590.19 0.570.18 0.590.20 0.600.23
TABLE 41: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE
AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 36.252.54 37.162.38 36.832.42 38.272.68 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 37.162.59 38.432.64 37.282.81 36.982.86 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 36.162.71 35.742.91 36.853.11 36.823.32 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 36.262.86 36.192.93 36.433.16 35.933.28 TM1 Methanol extract 200 35.262.61 36.422.81 35.893.16 36.133.29 TM2 Methanol extract 400 36.132.56 36.842.73 36.762.69 36.432.83 TM3 Methanol extract 800 35.192.89 35.862.94 36.423.22 36.193.35
TABLE 42: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 32.262.93 32.933.16 32.192.86 33.422.46 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 33.422.69 33.412.58 33.292.43 33.822.91 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 33.823.29 33.262.73 33.592.81 33.762.68 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 32.822.83 32.642.84 32.692.73 32.942.94 TM1 Methanol extract 200 33.412.38 33.252.62 33.432.53 33.682.46 TM2 Methanol extract 400 33.423.15 33.613.28 33.592.97 33.723.11 TM3 Methanol extract 800 34.523.26 34.263.34 34.293.64 34.613.58
TABLE 43: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (106/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group
Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 8.261.36 8.591.42 8.431.82 8.961.69 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 8.161.36 8.481.58 8.861.64 8.731.58 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 8.261.64 8.721.52 8.161.46 8.921.59 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 7.991.66 8.461.92 8.691.81 8.831.82 TM1 Methanol extract 200 8.451.22 8.291.34 8.361.63 8.591.28 TM2 Methanol extract 400 7.881.35 8.241.55 8.191.42 8.431.67 TM3 Methanol extract 800 8.331.48 8.291.72 8.491.81 8.971.94
TABLE 44: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (103/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 14.362.16 14.832.53 14.672.42 14.842.19 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 14.742.41 14.882.19 14.912.62 14.672.45 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 14.372.57 14.282.48 14.692.68 14.582.71 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 14.183.26 14.313.18 14.972.68 14.822.72 TM1 Methanol extract 200 14.242.21 14.422.37 14.312.76 14.222.88 TM2 Methanol extract 400 14.612.61 14.832.49 14.692.85 14.572.67 TM3 Methanol extract 800 14.6114.61 14.6114.61 14.6114.61 14.6114.61
TABLE 45: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON HAEMOGLOBIN (g/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
Compared with the control group (TC) values of respective days
* P< 0.05 ** P< 0.01
DAYS
Group Details of extracts Dose (mg/kg b.w.)
0 7 14 28
TC Saline 1ml 14.132.38 13.962.43 13.792.69 14.062.58 TA1 Aqueous extract 200 13.892.36 14.122.58 14.372.67 14.392.49 TA2 Aqueous extract 400 13.682.21 13.942.58 13.882.46 14.132.49 TA3 Aqueous extract 800 13.982.97 14.132.69 14.272.86 14.222.73 TM1 Methanol extract 200 14.082.82 14.312.46 14.282.68 14.692.49 TM2 Methanol extract 400 13.972.46 13.762.58 14.272.76 14.432.88 TM3 Methanol extract 800 13.692.33 14.262.49 14.592.85 14.872.71
Table 46: THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Murraya koenigii leaF EXTRACTS
Sl.no Extracts Colour Nature % Yeild (Wt/Wt)
1. Petroleum Ether Black Sticky 8.44
2. Chloroform Greenish Black Sticky 7.29
3. Methanol Greenish Black Sticky 19.58
4. Aqueous Brown Dry/powder 10.37
5 Freeze dried Aqueous Brown Hygroscopic powder 3.28
Table 47: THE SOLUBILITY OF Murraya koenigii LEAF EXTRACTS IN DIFFERENT SOLVENTS Note: “+” Soluble, “_” Not soluble
Extract 10%Propylene glycol
10%DMSO 10% Tween-80
10%n-Methyl formamide
0.9% saline
Petroleum ether + + _ + _
Chloroform + + + _ _
Methanol + + _ _ _
Aqueous + + _ _
+
Freeze dried Aqueous + +
_ + +
Table 48: THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Murraya koenigii LEAF EXTRACTS
EXTRACTS PHYTO CHEMICAL TESTS Petroleum
ether Chloroform Methanol Aqueous Freeze
dried Aqueous
Tests for Steroids Salkaowski test Liberman Burchardt test
+ +
+ +
+ +
- -
+ +
Tests for Triterpines Salkaowski test b) Liberman Burchardt test
+ -
- +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Tests for Alkaloids Mayer’s test Wagner’s test c) Dragendroff’s test
- - +
- - +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Tests for Flavonoids Ferric chloride test Lead acetate test
+ -
+ -
+ +
+ +
+ +
Tests for Lactones Legal’s test Feigel’s test Baliet test
- - -
- - -
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Tests for Tannins Ferric Chloride test b) Gelatin test
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Tests for Diterpines Copper acetate test
+
-
+
+
+
Tests for Saponins Foam test b) Haemolysis test
+ -
- -
+ -
+ -
+ +
Tests for Glycosides Sodium Hydroxide test Picrate paper test
- -
+ -
- -
- -
- -
Note: “+” Present; “_” Absent
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig Title
1
Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
2 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma insulin (μu/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
3 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma
glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
4 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma insulin (μu/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
5 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
6 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum HDL-choloesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
7 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum LDL-
cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
8 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
9 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum triglycerides (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
10 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum phospholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
11 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum total
lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
12 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
13 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea
nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
Fig Title
14
Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
15 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
16 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
17 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue superoxide dismutase (u/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
18 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue catalase (cat unit/mg of protein) activity (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
19 Effect of oral administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on tissue lipid peroxidation (nmol of mda /g of tissue /min ) level (meansem) in alloxan diabetic rats
20 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
21 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on plasma insulin (u/ml) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
22 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum toal cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration
(meansem) in alloxan-diabetic rats
23 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats
24 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) inalloxan- diabetic rats
25 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum VLDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
26 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum triglyceride (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
Fig Title
27
Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum phopsholipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
28 effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of murraya koenigii leaf on serum total lipids (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
29 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum creatinine (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
30 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
31 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
32 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on alanine amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
33 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on aspartate amino transferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
34 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue superoxide dismutase activity (u/mg of protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
35 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of
Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue catalase activity (cat unit/mg protein) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
36 Effect of intraperitoneal administration of freeze dried aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii leaf on tissue lipid peroxidation (mda /g of tissue /min) level (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
37 Oral glucose tolerance test: effect administration of Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on plasma glucose (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in alloxan- diabetic rats
38 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum creatinine
(mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
39 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) oncentration (meansem) in rats
40 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum bilirubin (mg/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
Fig Title
41 Effect of oral administration murraya koenigii leaf extracts on serum alanine aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats
42 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on serum aspartate aminotransferase (u/l) concentration (meansem) in rats
43 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on red blood cell
count (106/mm3) (meansem) in rats
44 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on white blood cell count (103/mm3) (meansem) in rats
45 Effect of oral administration Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts on haemoglobin (g/dl) concentration (meansem) in rats
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 560
50
100
150
200
250
300
350DCA1A2C1C2M1M2E1E2
Days
Glu
cose
con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 1: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS
0 70 14 21 28 35 42 49 560
10
20
30DCA1A2C1C2M1M2E1E2
Days
Insu
lin c
once
ntra
tion
(µU
/ml)
Fig. 2: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
50
100
150
200
250
300
350DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Glu
cose
con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 3: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
10
20
30
40DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Insu
lin c
once
ntra
tion
(µU
/ml)
Fig. 4: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA INSULIN (μU/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
25
50
75
100
125
150
175DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Tota
l Cho
lest
erol
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 5: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
10
20
30
40
50DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
HD
L-C
hole
ster
ol(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 6: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM HDL-CHOLOESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
102030405060708090
100110
DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
LDL-
Cho
lest
erol
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 7: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
10
20
30
40DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
VLD
L-C
hole
ster
ol(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 8: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
50
100
150
200DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Trig
lyce
ride
s (m
g/dl
)
Fig. 9: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
25
50
75
100
125
150
175DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Phos
phol
ipid
s (m
g/dl
)
Fig. 10: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM PHOSPHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
100
200
300
400
500
600DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Tota
l Lip
ids
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 11: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Cre
atin
ine
conc
entr
atio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 12: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
25
50
75DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
BU
N co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 13: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
50100150200250300350400
DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
ALT
Con
cent
ratio
n(U
/l)
Fig. 14: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
50
100
150
200
250
300
350DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
AST
Con
cent
ratio
n(U
/l)
Fig. 15: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
0 15 30 45 60 75 900.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Days
Bili
rubi
n co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 16: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart012345678
DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Tissue
SOD
U/m
g of
pro
tein
Fig. 17: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (U/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart0
255075
100125150175200
DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Tissue
Cat
alas
e ac
tivity
(CA
TU
nit/m
g of
pro
tein
)
Fig. 18: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE CATALASE (CAT Unit/mg of protein) ACTIVITY (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart0
5
10
15
20
25DCDGLDMEDA1DA2DA3DM1DM2DM3
Tissue
nmol
of M
DA
/g o
f tis
sue
/min
.
Fig. 19: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (nmol of MDA /g of tissue /min ) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
50
100
150
200
250
300
350FCF1F2
Days
Glu
cose
con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 20: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION
(MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
5
10
15
20
25
30
35FCF1F2
Days
Insu
lin c
once
ntra
tion
( U
/ml)
Fig. 21: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON PLASMA INSULIN (U/ml) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
25
50
75
100
125
150
175FCF1F2
days
Tota
l Cho
lest
erol
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 22: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOAL CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
10
20
30
40
50FCF1F2
Days
HD
L-C
hole
ster
ol(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 23: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
20
40
60
80
100
120FCF1F2
Days
LDL-
Cho
lest
erol
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 24: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
10
20
30
40FCF1F2
Days
VLD
L-C
hole
ster
ol(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 25: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM VLDL-CHOLESTEROL (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
50
100
150
200FCF1F2
Days
Trig
lyce
ride
s co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 26: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
50
100
150FCF1F2
days
Phos
phol
ipid
s co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 27: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM PHOPSHOLIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
100
200
300
400
500FCF1F2
Days
Tota
l lip
ids
conc
entr
atio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 28: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM TOTAL LIPIDS (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75FCF1F2
Days
Cre
atin
ine
conc
entr
atio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 29: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
10
20
30
40
50FCF1F2
Days
BU
N c
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 30: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280.0
0.5
1.0
1.5FCF1F2
Days
Bili
rubi
n co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 31: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
50
100
150
200FCF1F2
Days
ALT
(U/l)
Fig. 32: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
0 7 14 21 280
25
50
75
100
125
150FCF1F2
Days
AST
(U/l)
Fig. 33: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7FCF1F2
Days
SOD
(U/m
g of
pro
tein
)
Fig. 34: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ACTIVITY (U/mg of protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney heart0
50
100
150
200FCF1F2
Tissue
Cat
alse
(CA
T U
nit/m
gpr
otei
n)
Fig. 35: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE CATALASE ACTIVITY (CAT Unit/mg protein) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
Pancreas Liver Kidney Heart0
5
10
15
20
25FCF1F2
Tissue
MD
A (n
mol
of M
DA
/g o
ftis
sue
/min
.)
Fig. 36: EFFECT OF INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION OF FREEZE DRIED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF ON TISSUE LIPID PEROXIDATION (MDA /g of tissue /min) LEVEL (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS 1
Fig. 37: ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST: EFFECT ADMINISTRATION OF MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON PLASMA GLUCOSE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN ALLOXAN- DIABETIC RATS
150
200
250
300
350
400GCG1G2G3
-30 0 30 60 120 180
Time in minutes
Glu
cose
con
cent
ratio
n(m
g/dl
)
0 7 14 280.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
Cre
atin
ine
conc
entr
atio
n(m
g/dl
)
Fig. 38: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM CREATININE (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280
5
10
15
20
25TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
BU
N c
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 39: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
Bili
rubi
n co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
dl)
Fig. 40: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (mg/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 2805
1015202530354045
TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
ALT
(U/l)
Fig. 41: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280
10
20
30
40TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
AST
(U/l)
Fig. 42: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON SERUM ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (U/l) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280123456789
1011
TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
RB
C (1
06 /m
m3 )
Fig. 43: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (106/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280
5
10
15
20TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
WB
C (1
03 /m
m3 )
Fig. 44: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (103/mm3) (MEANSEM) IN RATS
0 7 14 280
5
10
15
20TCTA1TA2TA3TM1TM2TM3
Days
Hae
mog
lobi
n co
ncen
trat
ion
(g/d
l)
Fig. 45: EFFECT OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAF EXTRACTS ON HAEMOGLOBIN (g/dl) CONCENTRATION (MEANSEM) IN RATS
1LIST OF PLATES
Plate
Title
1
Murraya Koenigii tree
2 Murraya Koenigii fresh green leaves
3 Murraya Koenigii dried leaves 4 Section of pancreas showing poor cellularity of islets of langerhans and
damaged islets cells in diabetic control group. H&E 125X 5 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet of langerhanas in diabetic control
group. H&E 400X 6 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islets of langerhans in Murraya
koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
7 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islet of langerhans in Murraya koenigii aqueous extract treatment group. H&E 400X
8 Section of kidney showing tubular damage, interstitial tissue proliferation and proteinacious material accumulation in glomeruli in diabetic control group. H&E 125X
9 Section of kidney showing normal glomeruli in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
10 section of heart showing myocardial infarction in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
11 section of heart showing normal myocardial fibrils in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
12 Section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
13 Section of liver showing normal hepatocyte in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125 X
14 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X
15 Section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E
400 X
16 Section of pancreas showing regenerating islet in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 400 X
17 Section of liver showing regenerating fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
Plate
Title
18 Section of liver showing normalising hepatocytes in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 125 X
19 SDS-PAGE analysis of pancreatic islet whole cell lysate from alloxan diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii
Plate 1: MURRAYA KOENIGII TREE
Plate 2:MURRAYA KOENIGII FRESH GREEN LEAVES
Plate 3: MURRAYA KOENIGII DRIED LEAVES
Plate 5: section of pancreas showing damaged islet of langerhans in diabetic control group. H&E 400X
Plate 4: section of pancreas showing poor cellularity of islets of langerhans and damaged islets cells in diabetic control group. H&E 125X
Plate 6: section of pancreas showing regenerating islets of langerhans in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
Plate 7: section of pancreas showing regenerating islet of langerhans in Murraya koenigii aqueous extract treatment group. H&E 400X
Plate 8: section of kidney showing tubular damage, interstitial tissue proliferation and proteinacious material accumulation in glomeruli in diabetic control group. H&E 125X
Plate 9: section of kidney showing normal glomeruli in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
Plate 10: section of heart showing myocardial infarction in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
Plate 11: section of heart showing normal myocardial fibrils in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125X
Plate 12: section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
Plate 13: section of liver showing normal hepatocyte in Murraya koenigii methanol extract treatment group. H&E 125 X
Plate 14: section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X
Plate 15 section of pancreas showing damaged islet in diabetic control of group. H&E 400 X
Plate 16: section of pancreas showing regenerating islet in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 400 X
Plate 17 section of liver showing fatty degeneration in diabetic control group. H&E 125 X
Plate 18 section of liver showing normalising hepatocytes in Murraya koenigii freeze-dried aqueous extract treated group. H&E 125 X
Plate 19: SDS-PAGE analysis of pancreatic islet whole cell lysate
from alloxan diabetic rats treated with aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii.