Post on 11-Jan-2016
transcript
APUSH REVIEW
Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization?MissionariesEnclosure MovementLarge Groups of Displaced People Improved technology and knowledge of navigation
CaravelStable-Nation StatesPolitical rivalriesReligious dissentGood European marketsEuropean Hubris/SuperiorityWanted to bypass Middle EastBreak Italian Monopoly of CitiesCatholic v. Protestant
Sailors and ExplorersWanted to find a water route to Asia! Identify the Explorer and the Country they found.SPAIN:
Economendia Gold, God and GloryConvert to Catholicism
FRANCE:Trade with IndianJesuits
ENGLAND:Remove IndiansPuritansGold1st American colony that failed, Roanoke 1590
Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?Martin Luther
ProtestantismFaith=salvation
John Calvin“Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536Predestination
The Elect-Chosen by GodVisible Saints-Conversion experience
God is all powerfulHumans as weak and filled with Original Sin
**Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America**
**Most of the early Americans were protestant**
Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America? CHURCH OF ENGLAND
King Henry VIII Broke with Catholic church
Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church
Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism
Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies.
Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people
Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford.
CON
T
Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture…-Work Ethic-Democratically Structured Churches-Religious toleration
How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World?Congregation Church in MBCManhood Suffrage in Rhode IslandFundamental Order in Connecticut River
Colony
What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England?
NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.DNE: Puritan influence permanently
reduced.Common revolutionary sentiment
throughout the colonies.
Similarities Among the 13 Colonies?Mostly EnglishAnglo-SaxonSelf-Government (Not all Democratic)Religious toleration (to some degree)Educational OpportunitiesProvided unusual advantages for economic
and social self-development
SOUTHERN COLONY: VIRGINIA FOUNDED BY: LONDON COMPANY YEAR:1607 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
BUSINESS POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS:
SHAKY START TOBACCO HEADRIGHT SYSTEM HOUSE OF BURGESSES BACON’S REBELLION SINGLE MEN ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT INDENTURED SERVANTS 1ST POWHATAN WAR 1610-1614 2ND POWHATAN WAR 1622-1632
SOUTHERN COLONY: MARYLANDFOUNDED BY: LORD BALTIMORE (GEORGE
CALVERT)YEAR: 1634REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
REFUGE FOR BRITISH CATHOLICSBUSINESS VENTURE
POPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:
CATHOLIC HAVENACT OF TOLERATIONKNOWN FOR TOBACCO NO STARVING TIME
SOUTHERN COLONY: CAROLINAS FOUNDED BY:
NORTH: VIRGINIA SQUATTERS SOUTH: EIGHT ENGLISH NOBLES
YEAR: NORTH: 1653 SOUTH: 1670
REASONS FOR FOUNDING: NORTH: OVERFLOW FROM VIRGINIA SOUTH: BUSINESS VENTURE
POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS:
NORTH SEPARATED FROM SOUTH IN 1691 SOUTH: PROPRIETARY COLONY (AWARD FROM CHARLES II TO LOYAL
SUPPORTERS) CLOSE TIES WITH THE CARABEANS RICE CARLESTOWN BAD TO NATIVE AMERICANS
SOUTHERN COLONY: GEORGIAFOUNDED BY: JAMES OGELETHORPEYEAR: 1733REASONS FOR FOUNDING:DEBTORS
COLONY AND BUFFER ZONEPOPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:
ENJOYED ROYAL SUBSIDIES DUE TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS A BUFFER ZONE.
NEW ENGLAND COLONY: MASSACHUSETTS
FOUNDED BY:MASSACHUSETTS BAY CO (JOINTSTOCK) YEAR: 1620,1623,1629 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
BUSINESS/RELIGION FISHING/TRADING CITY ON A HILL
POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN CHARACTERISTICS:
MAYFLOWER COMPACT (Plymouth) CHARTER COLONIES (MASS.BAY AND MAINE) MASS. BUYS MAIN IN 1677, AND MERGES WITH PLYMOUTH FISHING AND TRADING SMALL FARMS WHEAT AND CORN SALEM WITCH TRIALS FAMILY BASED MALE DOMINATED ANN HUTCHISON AND ROGER WILLIAMS
ANTINOMIANISM TOWN HALLS GREAT MIGRATION 1631 TO BOSTON
NEW ENGLAND COLONY: CONNECTICUT
FOUNDED BY: THOMAS HOOKER AND MASS. DISSENTERS
YEAR: 1635, 1638REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
FISHING TRADINGSMALL FARMSSEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITANCHARACTERISTICS:
FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS: 1ST WRITEN CONSTITUTION
SELF GOVERNING
NEW ENGLAND COLONY: RHODE ISLAND
FOUNDED BY: ROGER WILLIAMS AND MASS. DISSENTERS
YEAR: 1636REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONSECULAR GOVERNMENTTREATMENT OF INDIANS
POPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:
RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONSEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATEFAIR TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANSSIMPLE MALEHOOD SUFFRAGE
NEW ENGLAND COLONY: NEW HAMPSHIRE
FOUNDED BY: JOHN MASON 1623YEAR: 1623REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
FISHING TRADING
POPULATION:ENGLISH
CHARACTERISTICS:ABSORVED BY MASS. FROM 1641-1679BELIEVED IN BASIC INDUSTRY SMALL FARMS
MIDDLE COLONY: NEW YORK FOUNDED BY: DUTCH
HENRY HUDSON NEW NETHERLANDS (PETER MINUIT) NEW AMSTERDAM PETER STUYVESANT
YEAR: 1664 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
FUR TRADING COMMERCE
POPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN CHARACTERISTICS: DUTCH CULTURE NY CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES LEISLER’S REBELLION DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND PORT/COMMERCIAL CENTER LARGE ESTATES ALONG THE HUDSON
MIDDLE COLONY: NEW JERSEYFOUNDED BY: JOHN BERKELEY AND GEORGE
CARTERETYEAR: 1664REASONS FOR FOUNDING:
BUSINESS VENTUREREWARD FROM JAMES IIQUAKER SETTLEMENT
POPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:
PROPRIETARY COLONYSPLIT INTO EAST AND WEST JERSEYDOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
MIDDLE COLONY: PENNSYLVANIAFOUNDED BY: WILLIAM PENNYEAR: 1681REASONS FOR FOUNDING: HAVEN FOR
QUAKERSPOPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN
(DIVERSITY)CHARACTERISTICS:
PROPRIETARY COLONYRELIGIOUSLY TOLERANTRECRUITED SETTLERS FROM ACROSS EUROPEEQUITABLE TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANSIMPORTANT PORT
MIDDLE COLONY:DELAWAREFOUNDED BY: SWEDISH FUR TRAPPERSYEAR: 1682REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FUR TRADEPOPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:
ABSORVED BY DUTCH NEW NETHERLANDS, THEN BY BRITISH
HARBORED MANY QUAKERS
SOUTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO
- SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS
- SMALL POPULATION- CHURCH OF
ENGLAND- PLANTATION
ECONOMY- SOME RELIGIOUS
TOLERATION- ½ OF ALL BORN IN
VIRGINIA DID NOT LIVE PAST 20
- HOUSE OF BURGESSES
- MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION
- BACON’S REBELLION- POWHATAN WAR
- SLAVERY- ROYAL AFRICAN CO.- SLAVE CODES- CULTURE- PLANTATION
OWNERS- SMALL FAMERS- LANDLESS WHITES- INDENTURED
SERVANTS- ARISTROCRATIC
MIDDLE COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- PURITANISM- GREAT LAND FOR
FARMING- FEWER INDUSTRIES- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE- QUAKERS- FARMING- LUMBERING- SHIP BUILDING - TRADE AND FUR
TRAPPING- BREAD BASKET- IMPORTANT
COMMERCIAL CENTER
- BROAD FERTILE LAND
- SLOW FLOWING RIVERS
- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
- LEISTERS REBELLION
- POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED
- RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT
- PATROONSHIP- DEMOCRATIC
NORTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE
- MERCANTILLISM- NAVIGATION LAWS- HARVARD- MASSACHUSETTS
SCHOOL OF LAW- PURITANS- LESS RELIGIOUSLY
TOLERANT- RESTRICTIONS ON
CIVIL PARTICIPATION
- PEQUOT WAR 1636-1637
- KING PHILIPS’ WAR- MAYFLOWER
COMPACT- FUNDAMENTAL
ORDER OF CONNECTICUT
- SALEM WITCH TRIALS
- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
- PURITANS- TOWNHALL
MEETINGS- INDUSTRY- FAIR TO NATIVE
AMERICANS- MERCANTALISM
EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH
COLONIES?1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS
COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION1676: BACON’S REBELLION1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES1691: LESILER’S REBELLION1734: ZENGER CASE1713-1763: ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT”1720-90: THE ENLIGHTENMENT
FRANCE IN AMERICAFRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD
EDICT OF NANTESQUEBEC IN 1608
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAINGOVERNMENT
CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLYBUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE
AMERICANSBEAVER TRADETRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI
EMPIRES COLLIDEENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH1688-1763
KING WILLIAMS WARQUEEN ANNE’S WARTREATY OF UTRECHT
SALUTARY NEGLECTKING GOERGE’S WAR
WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSIONPEACE TREATY 1748
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAROHIO VALLEYOHIO MISSION: WASHINGTONTRIGGERED A WORLD WARALBANY CONGRESSALBANY PLAN FOR UNIONBRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK
WILLIAM PITTBATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760)BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759)PEACE OF PARIS (1763)
REBELLIONCHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLIONPROCLAMATION OF 1763
Today:Leading to the RevolutionRevolutionAOCWashingtonAdams
Early “Rebels” in MBCQuakersAnne HutchinsonRoger Williams
Liberty of ConscienceHalf-Way CovenantSalem Witch Trials
Road to Revolution
Grenville
Stamp Act
Sugar Act
1760 1763
Treaty of Paris
Pontiac’s War
Proclamation of 1763
1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 1772
Stamp Act Repealed
Declaratory Act
Gaspee
Quartering ActThe Road to
Revolution
Writs of Assistance
Townshend Acts
Townshend
Currency Act
Boston Massacre
Towns-hend Acts Repealed
Committees of Correspondence
Consequences of the French and Indian WarTreaty of Paris of 1763
France forfeits all its land in North America (except islands at entrance to St. Lawrence)
American colonists feel less need for Britain**Chief Pontiac led a pre-emptive war to keep
British/colonists out of the Ohio River ValleyBritish post 10,000 troops in the colonies
Britain refuses to recognize land claims west of the Appalachians: Proclamation of 1763Colonists resent the “slow-growth” policy
George Grenville’s ProgramGrenville: PM from April 1763 to July 1765Grenville’s fiscal goal in the colonies:
Raise revenue to pay part of the costs of British troops stationed in America
The Sugar Act, 5 April 1764Reorganized customs system to enforce trade laws
The Currency Act, 19 April 1764The Stamp Act, 22 March 1765The Quartering Act, 24 March 1765
Writs of AssistanceOpen-ended search warrantsImposed by Mass. Royal governor to end smuggling,
especially with French West IndiesWar measureThey signal definitive end to salutary neglectChallenged by Mass. merchants (James Otis)“Act against the Constitution is void”Lost the case, but set a philosophical precedent
Sugar Act, 5 April 1764Amended the Molasses Act of 1733 to raise revenue
Lowered tariff on non-British sugar so colonists would pay it instead of smuggling: 6 to 3 pence
Expanded the enumerated goods: Items that had to be exported to BritainHoped to increase British imports on returning ships
Placed a heavy tax on Portuguese winePreviously tax free
Sugar Act, continuedExpanded and complicated shipping rules
Made compliance very difficultChanged procedures for trying smugglers
Cases heard in vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia
No jury trial: Judge decided the case (Got 5 percent of confiscated cargo)
Defendants’ guilt assumed, had to prove innocence
Reaction to the Sugar Act
Nine provincial legislatures formally protested the act, but opposition was fragmented and ineffective
Still an external taxGreatest burden fell on the shipping colonies
Massachusetts, New York, and PennsylvaniaColonists continued to smuggle non-British sugar until
Britain lowered the tariff to 1 penny in 1766
Currency Act, 19 April 1764
Prohibited the issuance of paper Made England the “central bank” for the colonial
economyPinched the money supply of the coloniesEnsured payment of colonial debts in stable
currencies: gold, silver or British pound notes
Stamp Act, 22 March 1765
Revenue-raising actFirst internal tax imposed on the colonies
Intended to partially defray the costs of British troops in North America
Required colonists to use stamped paper for newspapers, playing cards, and various legal and business documents
Affected a large number of colonistsScheduled to go into effect 1 November 1765
Reaction to the Stamp ActProtests by colonial legislaturesBoycotts of British goods
Spinning beesHomespun clothesCoffee instead of tea
Non-Importation Agreements (Merchants)Intimidation and violence
Sons of Liberty
Reaction to the Stamp ActStamp Act Congress, Oct. 1765 in New York
Nine colonies represented“Declaration of Rights and Grievances”
Arguments against the Stamp Act:Parliament had no right to impose internal, direct taxes
on the coloniesNo taxation without representation
Counter-argument: “Virtual representation”Colonists refused to use the stamps on Nov. 1
Stamp Act RepealedJan. 1766, William Pitt denounced the Stamp Act;
support for repeal grewFeb. 1766, Benjamin Franklin testified before
Parliament for repeal of the Stamp ActColonial boycotts and non-importation hurt the British
economyUnemployment increasedMerchant bankruptcies rose
March 1766, King George repealed Stamp Act
Declaratory ActPassed on same day as repeal of the Stamp ActAsserted Parliament’s power to legislate laws
governing the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever”
Quartering Act, 24 March 1765Required colonists to pay the expense of housing and
feeding British troopsOnly affected 5 colonies but deeply resentedNew York refused to complyTension with British soldiers broke out in armed
meleesJune 1767: New York Suspending Act nullified NY
laws after 1 October 1767New York complied in June 1767
Charles Townshend’s ProgramTownshend: Chancellor of the Exchequer from Aug.
1766 to Sept. 1767 (died)William Pitt is PM, but in poor health: Townshend is in
chargeTownshend’s goal in the colonies:
Increase British controlRaise revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and
judges New York Suspending Act, June 1767Townshend Revenue Acts, 29 June 1767American Board of Customs Commissioners, June 1767
Townshend Revenue ActsRevenue raising actsTownshend returned to an indirect, external taxModest tariff imposed on consumables (paper, paint,
lead, glass) and tea
Reaction to Townshend ActsMild reaction until John Dickinson’s Letters from a
Farmer in PennsylvaniaIndirect/direct tax not important: Intent of the tax made it
legal or illegalNo right to tax the colonies for revenue
British reaction to Sam Adams’ Circular Letter galvanized colonial resistanceBoycotts, non-importation agreements, legislative
protests, intimidation, violenceBritish sent 1,700 troops to Boston in October 1768 to
enforce the Townshend duties
Boston Massacre
Anger at customs officials and British troops had grown since 1767, especially in Boston
5 March 1770, an angry Boston mob taunted (and pelted) British troops at the customs office
Soldiers opened fire: 5 killed, 6 injuredSam Adams spun the incident into a “massacre”John Adams defended the soldiers: Received light
sentences
Townshend Acts RepealedTownshend died suddenly in 1767: Lord North
replaced Pitt as PM in 1770North favored repeal of Townshend Acts to stop
economic damage of colonial boycottsNorth wanted to retain the tea tax on principle:
Parliament could tax the coloniesApril 1770, Parliament repealed Townshend duties,
except on tea Most colonial boycotts/non-importation end
Burning of the Gaspee, 9 June 1772Example of the anger toward corrupt customs officials
in the coloniesGaspee, a customs schooner notorious for its abuses,
stuck in the mud off Providence, RILocal citizens boarded the vessel at night and burned it
to the waterlineCommission sent to investigateSuspects to be tried in Britain: No one arrested
Committees of Correspondence, 1772Had been used previously to educate and organize
resistance to the Stamp ActNow used on a pan-colonial scaleBegan in Boston, spread to New England and then to
the other coloniesImportant step toward increasing political awareness
and unifying action in the colonies
Lord North, Prime Minister from 1770-1782
Quebec Act
Coercive Acts
1773
Boston Tea Party
1774 1775 1776
Lexington & Concord
Bunker Hill
The Road to Revolution
Tea Act Mass. declared in rebellion
First Continental Congress
Common Sense
Declaration of
Independence
Fort Ticon-deroga
2nd Continental Congress
Tea Act, Sept. 1773Designed to bail out East India CompanyGrants right to sell tea directly to colonial agents: Cuts
out British import housesRetains a 3-penny-per-pound duty on teaNet effect: Price of tea is lower, even with taxColonists protest on principle
Boston Tea Party, Dec. 1773Tea consignees condemned by Philadelphia, New
York, and CharlestonBostonians decide to send arriving tea back Royal Gov. Hutchinson says “no,” not without first
paying the dutyDec. 18: 8,000 Bostonians rally in Old South ChurchThat night, radicals dump 342 casks of tea into Boston
Harbor
Coercive Acts, March-May 1774Boston Port Bill: Closed port of Boston until Mass.
paid for tea plus the duties owed
Administration of Justice Bill: Made government officials immune from prosecution in colonial courts if accused of committing a crime in the course of their official duties
Coercive Acts, continuedMassachusetts Regulating Act
No town hall meetings without governor’s consentGovernor’s council to be appointed by the kingChief justice, superior judges, Attorney General, lower
judges, justice of the peace, and sheriffs to be appointed by the king, not elected
Quebec Act, May 1774
Recognized Catholicism in CanadaSet up royally appointed governing council and no
assemblyExtended the borders of French Canada to
the Ohio River and Mississippi River
First Continental Congress, Sept.-Oct. 1774
Met in Philadelphia55 delegates from all colonies but GeorgiaFirst encounter of the “Founding Fathers”Actions
The Association: Boycott all British goods after 12/1/74, and cease all exports after 9/1/75
Addressed a petition to the king: “Declaration and Resolves”
Agreed to meet again in May 1775 if Intolerable Acts had not been lifted
Mass. Declared in Rebellion,9 Feb. 1775
Henry Knox transports canons from Ft. Ticonderoga to Boston, Nov. 1775 - Jan. 1776
Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen capture Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 1775
First battle: Lexington & Concord, April 1775
Early Battles
Breeds Hill, June 1775
Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery invade Canada, Fall 1775
New New HampshireHampshire
New YorkNew YorkMassachusettsMassachusetts
VermontVermont
MaineMaine
QuebecQuebec
Picture Source: Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. 12th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002, p. 153
2nd Continental Congress, May 1775Created a Continental Army: Appointed George
Washington to lead it, June 1775Olive Branch Petition to the king, July 1775
King rejects the petition, declares the colonies in rebellion, Aug. 1775
The Continental Congress would serve as the central government during the Revolutionary War
Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms (Dickinson and Jefferson)Seen as the intermediate step towards the declaration of
Independence.
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine, published in January 1776The most important work for convincing Americans to
declare independenceBritain’s colonial policies were inconsistent; independence was
the only courseWhy should tiny England control a huge North America?King was nothing more than “royal brute of Great Britain”America had a sacred mission: moral obligation to set up an
independent democratic republic.Persuaded Congress to go all the way for independence
Part of a lively debate over independence in 1775-76
Sam Adams published leaked letters of Mass. Governor Thomas Hutchinson
Benjamin Franklin accused in Parliament of inciting rebellion in the coloniesFranklin had leaked Thomas Hutchinson’s letters to the
Massachusetts assemblyFranklin left England in 1770 and became an ardent
patriot
Road to Revolution Pretty Proclamation of 1763 Silly Stamp Act, 1765 Tammy Townsend Acts, 1767 Baked Boston Massacre, 1770 Tea Tea Act, 1773 Cookies Committees of Correspondence Inside “Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Freshly First Continental Congress Layered Lexington and Concord Spicy Second Continental Congress Dough Declaration of Independence
Loyalists V. Patriots Loyalists (Tories):
Colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king.
Usually conservative: educated and wealthy; fearful of “mob rule.”
Older generation apt to be loyalists; younger generation more revolutionary
King's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown
Anglican clergy and a large portion of their followers; most numerous of the loyalists (except in Virginia)
Well entrenched in aristocratic NY, Charleston, Quaker PA, and NJ.
Least numerous in New England Ineffective at gaining allegiance of
neutral colonists
Patriots: Sometimes called "Whigs" after
British opposition party American rebels who fought
both British soldiers and loyalists Most numerous in New England Constituted a minority movement More adept at gaining support
from colonials Financing: Robert Morris, “the
financier of the Revolution” helped Congress finance the war.
The Loyalist Exodus 1. Loyalists regarded by Patriots as traitors.
2. About 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled the colonies -- Estates confiscated and sold; helped finance the war 3. 50,000 fought for the British
Frontier Country
West raged throughout most of the war Indian allies of Britain attacked American frontier
positions 1777 known as "the Bloody Year" on the frontier
Westward movement continued despite treacherous war conditions (especially Kentucky)
Illinois country taken from the British George Rogers Clark
America During WAROver 250,000 American soldiers fought
10% who fought died; British captured and occupied most major cities
including Boston, NYC, and Philadelphia.
America During The War
War Economy: all of society became involved in the war.
Men with military experience volunteered for positions in the army.
Some merchants loaned money to the army and to Congress.
Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Americans
African Americans fought on both sides. Native Americas also fought with the British
America During the WarWomen in the War
Managed farms and businesses while men served in the army
Traveled with the Army as cooks and nurses. More politically active and expressed their thoughts
more freely.
Changes to SocietyMany conservative Loyalists no longer in
America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state governments.
Slavery issue Stronger emphasis on equalityEnd of primogeniture and entail before 1800.Separation of Church & State: Jefferson’s
Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786 State governments Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and
became subject to U.S. expansion westward. Women did not enjoy increased rights; idea of
“Republican Motherhood” took hold
Coming of the American RevolutionAct or Action
Purpose Provisions of Act
Colonial Reaction
British Reaction
Proclamation Line of 1763
-British hoped to pacify Indians in West-Pacification would reduce need for troops to battle Indians on Frontier
-Forbade settlement west of Appalachian Mountains-Everyone in the western region must return to the East
-Anger; colonists had fought French and Indian War to gain access to western region-Colonists continued to settle in the area.
-British repealed law with Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768-Moved line of permitted settlement farther to west.
Sugar Act 1764 Act passed to raise money for colonial defense
Duty on foreign molasses had been reduced but now would be enforced
Anger
Smuggling
Attempted to enforce tax
Stamp Act 1765 - Passed to raise money
- Same tax existed in GB
-Taxed dice, playing cards, newspapers, marriage licenses-Total of 50 items taxed
-Convened Stamp Act Congress-Petitioned the King-Urban riots-Boycotted goods-Viewed as an internal tax
Repealed law
Little money raised
Economy of Post War America
America suffered a depression during the 1780s.
Seizure of Loyalist holdings were moderately significant
Economic democracy preceded political democracy: land readily available and inexpensive.
Manufacturing was bolstered by non-importation agreements
Timeline…leading to 1789DATE 1777 1781 1782 1785 1786 1787
EVENT AOC forming
the “united” states
for ratification
AOC are
ratified
Congress
adopts the Great Seal of the U.S.
Adopts the
dollar as official
currency using a decimal system
(TJ created
it)
-Annapolis
(Maryland) Convention is held to discuss
U.S. trade
policies-Shays
Rebellion
-Northwest
Ordinance
-Constitutional
Convention
The Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress served as the central government during the war
Delegates knew they needed a constitution to bind the states together
Formed a committee to draft “the form of confederation to be entered into. . .”Headed by John Dickinson (PA)Adopted 1777 but not ratified until
1781
Articles of ConfederationMaryland ratified the Articles when New York
pledged to abandon Congress promised to create new states from the territory
State ConstitutionsIn 1776 the Continental Congress recommended
the colonies form state governmentsBy 1780, all 13 had written constitutions
Most contained bills of rightsAll based on popular consentSuffrage limited to male land owners but voting
requirements were loweredThe States were reluctant to yield their new-won
powers: Memories of monarchy
Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation were a loose
organization of states in which the state legislators, represented in the federal congress, exercised sovereigntyEach state delegation given one vote in a
one house CongressImportant legislation required 2/3 approval
of statesAmendments needed unanimous approval
Factors for and against unity
Reasons for Unity among the states
Common language and culture
Linked geographically
Tradition of peaceful coexistence
Common goal during the war
Reasons for Disunity among the states
Strong loyalties to individual states
Little close contact between states due to poor roads and slow transportation
Economically independent
No common enemy after the war
Articles of ConfederationPowers given to Congress included:
Making lawsForeign relations: Making treaties and alliancesMaintaining an army and navyCoining money
The Articles of Confederation would prove too weak to deal with the needs of government of the new United States
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
No executive or judicial branchResult
No president to enforce laws; no federal courts to judge disputes between states or residents of different states
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
Congress did not have the power to tax
ResultCongress never had enough money to
run the government
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
Both states and Congress could issue money
ResultDebased currency; no national
currency
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
One state, one voteResult
States had authority in Congress disproportionate to population
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
Approval by 9 of 13 states required for laws and treaties, all 13 for amendments
ResultLegislation was cumbersome,
amendment virtually impossible
Articles of ConfederationWeakness
Congress could not regulate interstate commerceResult
States set up tariffs and taxes on each others’ products
To deal with interstate commercial battles, 9 states agreed to meet at Annapolis, MD in Sept. 1786. Called for a meeting at Philadelphia in May 1787 to
revise the Articles
Articles of ConfederationSuccesses of the Articles
Land Ordinance of 1785Northwest Ordinance of 1787Kept Republicanism alive: Held the states together,
even though imperfectly
Land Ordinance of 1785Acreage of the Old Northwest (modern-day
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan) should be sold; proceeds to pay national debt.
Region split into townships six miles square, split into 36 sections of 1 sq. mi. -- 16th section set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools.
Contrasted with land south of the Ohio River where disorganized settlement was the rule.
Northwest OrdinanceOld Northwest regions would first begin as a territory,
subordinate to the fed. gov't. Territories would become a state when it had 60,000
inhabitants; equal status w/ other states. Significance: By not subordinating states, it ensured
peace between east & west. Bill was farsighted: principles were carried over to other
frontier areas. Forbade slavery in Old Northwest (north of the Ohio River.)
Major advantage gained by the North; future states would not be slave and thus ally themselves with the South.
Southerners could cross state lines and reclaim fugitive slaves.
Challenges to the New NationBritain closed West Indies ports to U.S.
to protect its merchantsSpain closed port of New Orleans to
U.S. preventing movement of products British violated Treaty of Paris by
maintaining military and trading posts on U.S. soilNo effort made to remove them
Shays’ RebellionAn uprising of Massachusetts farmers in
1786-87 against high taxes in the stateMassachusetts had trouble putting down the
rebellionSpotlighted the weakness and vulnerability of
the nationpropertied class feared that the Revolution had
created a "mobocracy." Many prominent citizens cried out for a stronger
central gov't.
Newburgh ConspiracyThe Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched
in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War
Resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years.
Annapolis ConventionIn September 1786 Virginia called together the states
into a convention in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss the state of commerce in the country.
The current government, under the Articles of Confederation, had no power to regulate commerce or trade among states. Little was able to be accomplished, only five states, out of thirteen, showed up.
They did, however, suggest another conference in Philadelphia to discuss the problems in the current government.
Start the Philadelphia Convention
Constitutional ConventionEach state sent participants (except R.I.)
Leaders were all appointed by the state legislatures, whose members had been elected by voters who could qualify as property owners.
55 delegates convened on May 25, 1787 in the Philadelphia statehouse.
Most all were men of high prestige and conservative Jefferson, in Paris, called the group a "convention of demigods"
Strong anti-nationalists like Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Samuel Adams did not attend.
Washington elected chairman; presided over the convention. Notables present: Franklin, Hamilton, Madison
Sessions were held in complete secrecy Delegates did not want to advertise their dissension or give fuel
to the opposition.
LEADERS OF THE CONVENTION
George MasonWanted a weak central government and more
democratic rule!Author of the Virginia Declaration of
RightsHe withheld his signature from the United
States Constitution, because it did not abolish the slave trade.
LEADERS OF THE CONVENTIONJames Madison
The man in the middleThe father of the constitution
In Congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first revenue legislation.
No one got what they wanted!
Virginia Plan“Large-State Plan”Written by MadisonRepresentation in both
houses of bicameral Congress should be based on population“proportional representatio
n”Larger States would thus
have a political advantage.
New Jersey Plan“Small-State Plan”“Equal representation” in
a unicameral Congress by states regardless of size and population
Weaker states feared that under Virginia’s plan strong states would band together and dominate the rest
“THE GREAT COMPROMISE”BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
HOUSE BASED ON POPULATIONREQUIRES CENSUS EVERY TEN YEARSREAPPORTIONMENTSmaller states conceded representation by
population in the House of RepresentativesSENATE EQUAL REPRESENTATION (TWO PER
STATE)Larger states conceded equal representation
in the state.Every tax bill would originate in the House since big
states would have to bear a larger burden of taxation.Large States benefited more from the
compromise.
MORE COMPROMISES3/5TH COMPROMISE= THE COUNTING OF
SLAVES FOR HOUSE SEATSArt. I, Sec. II, para. 3North said slaves should not be counted as citizensSouth said their smaller population would lead to North
Domination.The Electoral College: the indirect election of the
president!Each state gets electoral equal to number of seats in
congress.Majority electoral vote selects the president.
MOREExtension of the African Slave Trade 20 years
Trade man in 1808Most states wanted to immediately end the
importation of slaves1779 all states but deep South had outlawed the
importation of slavesSC/GA: Need slave labor for rice production.
Indirect election of senators.Federal judges appointed not elected.
Washington Inaugurated PresidentWashington unanimously drafted as president
by the Electoral College in 1789 – only Presidential nominee ever to be honored unanimously. Many believe Congress was willing to give the
presidency power due to Washington's immense respectability
Took oath of office on April 30, 1789 in temporary capital of NYC. John Adams sworn in as vice president
Washington's cabinet Precedent: Consulting of cabinet members (department
heads) in order to make decisions. Constitution does not mention a cabinet The cabinet has become an integral part of the
"unwritten constitution." In the beginning, only three full-fledged department
heads existed: Secretary of State -- Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury -- Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War -- Henry Knox Edmund Randolph--Attorney General; became the
4th major cabinet member after passage of Judiciary Act of 1789.
Cabinet characterized by bickering between Hamilton and Jefferson
Judiciary Act of 1789
It established a Supreme Court of six justices, a Chief Justice, and five Associate Justice. (John Jay the 1st Chief Justice)
It provided for 13 District Courts and three Circuit Courts.
It established the office of Attorney General (Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General, head of the Justice department)
Part of this law will be important in Marbury v. Madison Case of 1803
Bill of Rights ratifiedOne of first priorities facing the new government Amendments to the Constitution could be
achieved two ways.Federalists feared that another constitutional
convention might reverse their victory
Bank of the United States EstablishedA central federal depository established to
promote interstate commerce and contribute to the nation’s economic growth
It helped maintain a uniform currency, made loans, and encouraged overseas trade with Europe.
The bank’s backing came largely from the private sector.
HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLANFoundation of Hamilton's financial plan was a Bank of
the United States -- Washington requested written opinions from Jefferson & Hamilton
Provisions: Gov't would be the major stockholder despite bank being a
private stock corp. Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus moneys in the
bank Federal gov't would have a convenient safe. Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in
circulation. Government would print urgently needed paper money thus
providing a sound & stable national currency.
Issues with BUSJefferson strongly opposed
the bank States' righters Moneyed interests would
benefit at the expense of farmers.
State banks would not be able to compete against federal bank.
Federal gov't did eventually enjoy a monopoly of surplus funds
Jefferson: Constitution did not stipulate creation of a nat’l bank.
Hamilton argued Constitution would support a plan for a national bank
loose construction “elastic clause”
"necessary & proper"
Whiskey RebellionWestern farmers refused to pay the excise tax
on whiskey which formed the backbone of Hamilton’s revenue program.
When a group of Pennsylvania farmers terrorized the tax collectors, President Washington sent out a federalized militia force of some 15,000 men, and the rebellion evaporated
Strengthening the credibility of the young government.
Neutrality ProclamationU.S. still obligated to France under the
Franco-American alliance of 1778 President Washington believed war should be
avoided at all costs Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France
Warned citizens to be impartial to both Britain & France
Citizen Genet CensuredFrench envoy/ profiteer undertook to entice
U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause and recruited Americans
Wrongly believed Neutrality Act did not truly reflect the wishes of Americans.
Suggested going over "Old Washington's" head by appealing to the voters.
Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.
Jay’s Treaty with BritainJohn Jay negotiated a treaty with British which
attempted to settle the conflict at seaIn addition wanted to curtail English agitation of their
Indian allies on the western borders.The agreement actually settled few of the issues and
merely bought time for the new nation in the worsening international conflict.
Jay was severely criticized for his effortsHe was hanged in effigyBut the Senate accepted the treaty as the best
possible under the circumstances.
Pinckney’s Treaty with SpainThomas Pinckney was invited to the Spanish
court to strengthen what Madrid perceived to be her deteriorating position on the American Frontier.
The result was the Pinckney Treaty, ratified by the Senate in 1796 in which the Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic.
Including the right of deposit in the port city of New Orleans, and recognized the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida.
Treaty of Greenville with Ohio IndiansCleared 2/3 of Ohio and Indiana of Indian tribes.
Defeat of Indians on the Frontier Iroquois nation forced onto reservations in New
York & Pennsylvania after the Revolutionary war. Indians in Northwest and Southwest borders,
Shawnee and Miami tribes increasingly hostile toward Americans.
Defeat of Indians on the Frontier
General “Mad” Anthony Wayne finally led U.S. forces to victory in Old Northwest Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794 Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Eastern Woodlands Indians now saw their lifestyle ruined by increased competition for fur trade, white settlement, and ruining of hunting grounds. Forced westward, they came into increased conflict
with tribes west of Mississippi. A movement to regenerate Indian society swept
through the region and was led by certain Indian prophets but eventually failed due to continued American expansion.
Washington’s Farewell AddressHe had reluctantly accepted a second term when
his friends & advisors begged him to stay -- Unanimously reelected
Washington lost his nonpartisan standing when he became a Federalist
Refused to accept a third term as PresidentFarewell Address
Warned against evils of political parties -- partisan bitterness.
Warned against permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France)
Jeffersonians angered that speech seemed to declare U.S. hostility toward France.
Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years.
Washington's Precedents President came to rely on department heads
for advice & consult regularly with cabinet.Chief executive gained the right to choose his
own cabinet. Two-term office for president After Jay resigned, went outside the Supreme
Court to select new Chief Justice
Election of 1796 John Adams became the Federalist candidate:
experienced leader from Massachusetts. Democratic-Republicans gathered around
Thomas Jefferson Adams d. Jefferson 71 to 66 in the Electoral
College
XYZ Affair with FranceA three-man delegation was sent to France in 1798 to
persuade the French to stop harassing American shipping.
When they were solicited for a bribe by three subordinates of the French Minister Talleyrand, they angrily refused, and their report of this insult produced outrage at home.
The cry “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” was raised, and public feelings against the French ran high.
Since Talleyrand’s officials were unnamed in the dispatches…the incident became known as the XYZ affair.
Alien and Sedition ActsElections in 1798 had increased the Federalists’
majorities in both houses of CongressUsed their “mandate” to enact legislation to stifle
foreign influences.The Alien Act raised new hurdles in the path of
immigrants trying to obtain citizenshipThe Sedition Act widened the powers of the Adams
administration to muzzle its newspaper Critics.Both bills were aimed at actual or potential
Republican opposition, and a number of editors were actually jailed for printing critical editorials.
Undeclared Naval Warfare, 1798-1799 -- “Quasi -War”
U.S. war preparations set in motion Adams suspended all trade with France and authorized American ship captains to capture armed French vessels
Undeclared hostilities ensued for 2 1/2 years between 1798-1800
Convention of 1800French Foreign Minister Talleyrand became eager
to negotiate a peace Adams shockingly submitted to the Senate a new
foreign minister to France Envoys arrived in 1800 to negotiate with Napoleon
(who was bent on European conquest) Convention of 1800 Significance
Major war with France avoided
Washington To Jefferson
THEMES
Political
Social/Cultural
Economic
Foreign Policy
WASHINGTON
Before President
Before PresidentLieutenant Colonel in the French and Indian
War (1753-1756)Virginia delegate to the First and Second
Continental Congress (1774-1775)Head Command of the Continental armies in
the Revolution (1775-1783)Virginia delegate to the Annapolis Convention
(1786)Chairman of the Constitutional Convention
(1787)
WASHINGTON’S DOMESTIC POLICY
PoliticalJudiciary Act of
1789Farewell
Address
Social Judiciary Act
of 1789 Whiskey
Rebellion
Economic Hamilton’s 10%
Tariff Sale of Public
Lands: AOC, Land Ordinance of 1785, and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
Excise Tax. Hamilton Taxes First Bank of the
US State Debts
VP: John Adams
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY
French Revolution and Citizen GenetNeutrality Proclamation
Jay’s Treaty with EnglandPinckney Treaty with Spain
Political
Social/Cultural
Economic
Foreign Policy
JOHN ADAMS
Before President
Before PresidentOne of the most effective writers against the
Stamp ActDefended the British soldiers involved in the
“Boston Massacre”Massachusetts delegate to both the First and
Second Continental CongressesHelped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, 1783Vice President under Washington
ADAMS’S DOMESTIC POLICY
Political:XYZ AffairAlien and
Sedition ActNaturalization
Act“Midnight
Judges”
Social: Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions
Economic: Quazi-War
ADAMS’S FOREIGN POLICYXYZ Affair (1797)Virtual War with FranceConvention of 1800
Jefferson to the War of 1812
TERMS
Jeffersonian DemocracySmall federal governmentStates rightsStrict constructionFavored farmer
Low taxesNo national debtNo national bankLaissez faire economics
Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight JudgesJudiciary Act
A last-ditch attempt by the Federalists to bequeath a conservative judiciary to the Jeffersonian.
Included in this act were many “midnight appointments” by Adams, which resulted in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case.
Midnight JudgesJudicial ReviewImpeachment of Samuel Chase
John Marshall Chief JusticeAppointed during last days of Adam’s termMost important CJ (served 34 years)Once a Federalist, always a Federalists.
Barbary WarsBarbary Pirates: Colorful Mediterranean
plunderers who disrupted American commerce there at will.
The success of the BP demonstrated the worldwide lack of respect for the fledgling American nation
Underscored the immediate need for a stronger navy to protect American’s oceangoing trade.
Marbury v. Madison 1803 William Marbury, chosen for judicial office in Adams’ famous
“midnight appointments” just before he retired, failed to receive his commission
Jefferson, the new president, instructed his secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the appointment.
Marbury then commenced proceedings in the SC to have his commission delivered
In this famous case, Justice Marshall struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, declaring Congress had no power to expand the powers of the judiciary outlined in the Constitution.
In this way, Marshall affirmed the Court’s power of judicial review: its right to review the constitutionality of all laws passed by congress.
Louisiana Purchase 1803Clever negotiating by Livingston and James
Monroe gave the U.S. a remarkable land buyEnded French involvement in Louisiana, and
created problems of its constitutionality for Thomas Jefferson.
Corps of Discovery: Lewis and Clark 1804 - 18061804-1806Sacajawea
Jefferson Re-elected1804Defeats Charles PinckneyPushed:
International peaceTerritorial expansionInexpensive unobtrusive government
Aaron BurrAaron Burr
Ambitious New York Republican politician who narrowly lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.
He became VP, and was indirectly responsible for the passage of the twelfth amendmentCreated a “ticket” of candidates in each political party.
His later career was marked by the unfortunate duel with Alexander Hamilton
Also the sordid Burr conspiracy in which he allegedly tried to arrange the secession of the southwestern part of the United States.
Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton
Then Burr Will attempt to separate the Western part of the US…go figure
Chesapeake IncidentThe crew of British frigate Leopard stopped,
searched, and dragged four sailors off an American ship.
The strained British-American relations that ensued and the issue of impressments fore-shadowed the advent of the War of 1812.
Embargo Act of 1807Drafted by MadisonForbade American traders from any economic
involvement in European affairs.With this law, Jefferson was reluctantly
shifting toward Washington’s foreign-relations position as stated in his Farewell Address.
Very unpopular in New EnglandIndirectly stimulates manufacturing in New
England.Reduces European imports; boats do not
want to leave empty.
Non-Intercourse Act 1809Replaced EmbargoFormally reopened trade with all nations except
France and BritainRemained until the War of 1812Why did the Embargo fail?
Jefferson’s LegacyExpansion
Native AmericansFor whites only
Ended European expansionDemocratic non-diplomatic government
The Birth of TexasStephen AustinSanta AnnaSam Houston Jackson’s dilemma
Election of 1836Birth of the Whigs
“King Andrew I”William Henry HarrisonMartin Van Buren
Jackson’s LegacyVan Buren’s Presidency
Caroline Incident“Aroostook War”Creole Incident
Panic of 1837CausesResultsWhigs Proposals shot down by Van BurenTreasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill)
Independent Treasury System
Election of 1840Van Buren Re-nominated by Democrats “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”
William Henry HarrisonWhigVP – John TylerSecretary of State: Daniel WebsterElection of 1840
Anti-Jackson DemocratSecretary of State: Daniel WebsterTyler vs. CongressWebster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)Clay’s Bill for 3rd BUSCanadian Border 45th Parallell
The Rise of "King Cotton" Prior to 1793, the Southern economy was weakEli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) Trade
Cotton exported to England; $ from sale of cotton used to buy northern goods
For a time, prosperity of both North and South rested on slave labor
Cotton accounted for 50% of all American exports after 1840.
The Three South's: Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, &
Missouri Plantations scarcer; cotton cultivation almost
nonexistent; Tobacco main slave crop (as in Middle South); More grain production (as in Middle South)
1850, Slaves = 17% of population.; Avg. 5 slaves per slaveholder
1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free; 46% of South’s free blacks
22% of white families owned slavesOf all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
6%; Ultra-wealthy = 1% Produced over 50% of South’s industrial products
The Three South's:Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas. Each state had one section resembling more the
Border South and another resembling the Lower South.
Unionists would prevail after Lincoln elected; Disunionists would prevail after war began
Many plantations in eastern Virginia and western Tennessee
1850, slaves = 30% of population; Avg. 8 slaves per slaveholder
36% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:
32%; Ultra-wealthy = 14%
The Three South’s: Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
Plantations prevalent; cotton was king; grew 95% of Dixie’s cotton & almost all of its sugar, rice, and indigo
Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after Lincoln was elected
1850, slaves = 47% of population; Avg. 12 slaves per slaveholder
Less than 2% of blacks free; only 15% of South’s free blacks
43% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%;
Ultra-wealthy = 85% Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products
Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")
Economic structure of South was monopolistic, dominated by wealthy plantation owners
Plantation system Risky : Slaves might die of disease, injure
themselves, or run away. One-crop economy Repelled large-scale European immigration
Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")
Plantation slavery Nearly 4 million slaves by 1860; quadrupled in
number since 1800 Slaves seen as valuable assets and primary source
of wealth Punishment often brutal to send a message to other
slaves not to defy master’s authority Life in the newly emerging western areas
particularly harsh (LA, TX, MS, AL) Afro-American slave culture developed
Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")
Burdens of slavery Slaves deprived of dignity and sense of
responsibility that free people have, suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment, and were ultimately convinced that they were inferior and deserved their lot in life.
Denied an education since; seen as dangerous to give slaves ideas of freedom
Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s system
Many attempted to escape
Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")
Slave Revolts - Stono Rebellion, 1739 - Gabriel Prosser, 1800 - Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in Charleston,
devised the largest revolt ever in 1822. - Nat Turner’s revolt -- 1831
Southern white paranoia
The White Majority By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners owned
slaves or belonged to slave-owning families 75% of white southerners owned no slaves at
all. Mountain whites
Free Blacks Numbered about 250,000 in the South by 1860 Discrimination in the South Discrimination in the North
Early Abolitionism Definition: Abolitionism: Movement in the North
that demanded the immediate end of slavery First abolitionist movements began around the
time of the Revolution esp. Quakers American colonization Society
Early AbolitionismAbolitionists in the 1830s Second Great Awakening convinced abolitionists of
the sin of slavery. Abolitionists inspired that Britain emancipated their
slaves in the West Indies in 1833
Radical Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society
Theodore Dwight Weld Wendell PhillipsWendell Phillips Angelina and Sarah Grimke Arthur and Lewis Tappan - wealthy New York silk
merchants. *** Organization would eventually split along
gender lines; women’s rights issues***
Radical Abolitionism David Walker Sojourner TruthElijah LovejoyMartin Delaney Frederick Douglass
Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of slavery as
a positive good.
• Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece).
• It was good for barbarous Africans who were civilized and Christianized
• Master-slave relationships resembled those of a "family."
• George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery apologists’
• “Gag resolution"
Abolitionist impact in the North Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were unpopular
in many parts of the North.
Many mob outbursts in response to extreme abolitionists
Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists (e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political suicide
By 1850, abolitionism had had a deep effect on the Northern psyche.
Popular Sovereignty and the Mexican Cession Intense debate over what to do with the Mexican
Cession. Wilmot Proviso: New territory should be free of slavery Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along
sectional lines
"Popular Sovereignty" Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for
president in 1848 Definition: Sovereign people of a territory, under general
principles of the Constitution, should determine themselves the status of slavery.
Supported by many because it kept in line with democratic tradition of self-determination.
Fatal flaw: It could spread the "peculiar institution" to new territories.
Election of 1848Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, "Hero of
Buena Vista" Free-Soil party
Coalition of northern antislavery Whig, Democrat, and Liberty Party men in the North distrusting Cass & Taylor
Result: Taylor 163, Cass 127, Van Buren 0 Free-Soilers won no states and did not actually affect
the outcome of the election.
California Statehood Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill;
prospectors in 1848 known as "forty-eighters“1849 -- Masses of adventurers flocked to northern
California. Gold essentially paved the way for rapid economic
growth in California CA drafted a Constitution in 1849 that excluded
slavery and asked Congress for admission
Sectional Balance in 1850 South
Had presidency, majority in the cabinet, and a majority in the Supreme Court
Equal number of states in Senate thus strong veto powerYet, South deeply worried
In 1850, 15 free and 15 slave states CA would tip the balance in the Senate and set a free-state
precedent in the southwest New Mexico and Utah territories seemed leaning toward free
state status. Texas claimed vast area east of Rio Grande (part of NM CO, KA
& OK) and threatened to seize Santa Fe. Southerners angered by Northern demands for abolition of
slavery in Wash. DC. Extremely angered over loss of runaway slaves, many assisted
by North. When CA applied, southern "fire-eaters" threatened
secession
Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave issue
Consisted of informal chain of antislavery homes which hundreds of slaves were aided by black & white abolitionists in their escape to free soil Canada.
Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from Maryland who escaped to Canada)
Jerry Loguen: Led hundreds of slaves to their freedom
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842 Political. significance: by 1850 southerners demanded a new more stringent fugitive-slave law
Compromise of 1850 Sunset of the "Great Triumvirate"
Clay initiated his 3rd great compromise Calhoun (dying of TB) rejected Clay’s position as not
being adequate safeguards. Webster supported Clay’s compromise (famous "7th of
March speech" of 1850) Meanwhile, William H. Seward (nicknamed "Higher
Law" Seward by his adversaries)
"Compromise of 1850"
California admitted as a free state ‘Abolition of the slave trade in District of
ColumbiaPopular sovereignty in remainder of Mexican
Cession: New Mexico and Utah territories. More stringent Fugitive Slave Law (than 1793) Texas to receive $10 million from federal gov’t
as compensation for its surrendering of disputed territory to New Mexico.
Result North got better deal.Fugitive Slave Law became the single most
important frictional issue between north and south in the 1850s.
Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North
Election of 1852 Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (from NH) Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott ("Old
Fuss & Feathers") but party fatally split Result: Pierce d. Scott 254 - 42 Significance: Marked effective end of Whig party;
complete death 2 years later Significance of Whig party: Webster & Clay had
kept idea of Union alive (both died in 1852)
Expansionism under President Pierce War in Nicaragua seemed inevitable; Britain
challenged Monroe Doctrine Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): Neither U.S. or
Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway.
America looks toward Asia
Expansionism under President Pierce Cuba
Polk had offered Spain $100 million for Cuba; Spain categorically refused.
1850-51 -- two expeditions by private southern adventurers into Cuba failed.
1854, Spain seized U.S. steamer Black Warrior on a technicality.
Ostend Manifesto Secret document whereby U.S. would offer $120 million for
Cuba and if Spain U.S. would take it by force. News leaked out and angry northern free-soilers forced
Pierce to abandon it.
Gadsden Purchase (1853) U.S. concerned that CA & Oregon inaccessible
by land & sea routes too tough Debate: Should transcontinental railroad route
run through the North or South?Result
South boosted its claim to railroad North now tried to quickly organize Nebraska territory
but the South opposed it.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen Douglas proposed carving Nebraska Territory into 2: Nebraska, Kansas Slavery issue would be based on popular sovereignty His main motive was to give Illinois the eastern terminus for the
proposed Pacific railroad. Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free 36-30 line prohibited slavery north of it; Kansas above it. Southerners fully supported it and pushed Pierce to support KS-
NB Act Douglas successfully rammed the bill through
Congress; great orator of his generation
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854
Northern reaction Southern reaction Effectively wrecked the Compromises of 1820 &
1850 Birth of the Republican party
Republican party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Antislavery literature Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Hinton R. Helper: The Impending Crisis of the
South (1857)
"Bleeding Kansas" New England Emigrant Aid Company: Sent
2,000 into Kansas to prevent slavery from taking hold and to make a profit.
Southerners infuriated by apparent northern betrayal -- attempts to abolitionize Kansas.
1855 election in Kansas for first territorial legislature 1856, a gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of free-soil Lawrence, Kansas.
The Caning of Charles Sumner Sumner a leading abolitionist Senator from
Massachusetts, gave speech "Crime Against Kansas" where he lashed out at southern pro-slaveryites and insulted a S.C. Senator
S.C. Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by hitting Sumner over the head 30 times or more with an 11-oz gold-headed cane.
The House of Reps could not find enough votes (122 to 95-- 2/3 needed) to expel Brooks but he resigned nonetheless, and was unanimously reelected by S.C.
Sumner came to symbolize for the North the evils of the slavery system (along with bleeding Kansas issue)
Pottawatomie Massacre -- John Brown & followers, in May 1856, hacked 5 men to pieces with broadswords in response to attack on Lawrence (and the caning of Sumner)
Civil war in Kansas ensued from 1856 and merged with Civil War of 1861-1865
Lecompton Constitution (1857) Kansas had enough people to apply for
statehood on popular sovereignty basis.Southerners, still in power since 1855, devised
a tricky document People were not allowed to vote for or against
constitution as a whole but voted for the constitution. with or w/o slavery.
If people voted no on slavery, rights of slaveholders already in KS protected
Infuriated free-soilers boycotted the pollsSlaveryites approved constitution with slavery
late in 1857.
Election of 1856 James Buchanan chosen as Democratic
nominee over Pierce (seen as too weak) and Douglas (who alienated the southern wing of the party after denouncing Lecompton constitution.)
Republicans nominated Captain John C. Ferment "Pathfinder of the West"
American Party ("know-nothing") Nativist in orientation
Buchanan d. Fremont 174 to 114; Fillmore 8.
The Dred Scott Decision (March 6, 1857) Dried Scott had lived with his master for 5
years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. 80-year-old Marylander Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney wrote the 55 page opinion. DecisionImpact
Financial Crash of 1857 Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst
psychologically in 19th c.Causes
Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency.Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain Speculation in land and railroads backfired.
Results Over 5,000 businesses failed within a year. Unemployment widespread Renewed demand for free farms of 160 acres from public
domain land. Demand for higher tariff rates Republicans had two major issues for 1860: higher tariffs &
Homestead Act
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) – Senate seat in Illinois Lincoln’s nomination speech: "A house divided
cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure; permanently half slave and half free.
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven joint debates
Freeport debate most famous -- Freeport Doctrine
John Brown attacks Harper’s Ferry Brown’s scheme: invade the South secretly
with a few followers and lead slaves to rise, give them arms, and establish a kind of black free state.
October, 1859 -- Seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
Brown and his followers were hanged after a brief but legal trial.
Brown became a martyr in the North Effects of Harper’s Ferry were ominous in
southern eyes.
Nominating Conventions of 1860 Democratic party split in two
Met first in South Carolina with Douglas as leading candidate of northern wing
Next convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas while the Democratic party split in two
Southern Democratic Party nominated John C. Breckinridge: Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell of
TennesseeRepublicans nominate Abraham Lincoln
Seward the front-runner but perceived as too radical for victory in general election.
Republican platform (broadly based) Southern secessionists warned that the election of Lincoln
would split the Union.
Presidential election of 1860 Lincoln elected president with only 40% of
the vote; most sectional election in history. Lincoln won all Northern states except NJ and MO
(180 electoral votes to 123) Breckinridge won all the Deep South states plus AK,
MD, and DE Bell won Border States of VA KY and mid-slave state
of TN Douglas won only MO and NJ but finished 2nd in
popular votes South still had control of both Houses of
Congress and a 5-4 majority on Supreme Court
Southern states secede from the Union Four days after the election of Lincoln, the "Black
Republican", South Carolina legislature unanimously called for a special convention in Charleston. December, 1860, 170 South Carolina unanimously voted to
secede from the other states. Within six weeks, six other states seceded (MS, FL, AL,
GA, LA, TX) all during Buchanan’s "lame-duck" period. Four others seceded in April, 1861, after beginning of Civil War
(VA, AK, NC, TN) as they refused to fight their fellow southerners and agree to Lincoln’s call for volunteers.
Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery Alabama meeting. Jefferson Davis chosen as president of provisional government
to be located at Richmond, VA (after Fort Sumter)
Southern states secede from the Union
President Buchanan did little to prevent southern secession. Claimed the Constitution did not give him authority to
stop secession with force. More significantly, northern army was small and weak
and scattered on the frontier. Many of his advisors pro-southern Northern sentiment predominantly for peaceful
reconciliation rather than warIronically, Lincoln continued Buchanan’s vacillating
policy when he became president. Buchanan’s serendipitous wait-and-see policy
probably helped save the Union.
Reasons for southern secession1.Alarmed at the political balance tipping in favor
of the North2.Horrified at victory of the sectional Republican
party which appeared to threaten their rights as a slaveholding minority.
3.Angry over free-soil criticism and abolitionism, and northern interference such as the Underground Railroad and John Brown’s raid.
4.Many southerners felt secession would be unopposed
5.Opportunity to end generations of dependence to the North.
6.Morally they were in the right
Crittenden amendments -- final attempt at compromise
Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky (heir to political throne of Clay)
Designed to appease the South Provisions Rejected by Lincoln; all hope of compromise was
gone.
Union War Strategy Initial attempts to strike decisive blows in Virginia
failed miserably (Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg, Chancellorsville)
Later, developed into four phases: strategy geared more toward attrition.
WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) -- July 21, 1861 (30
southwest of Washington)
WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 General George B. McClellan and the Army of the
PotomacLincoln gave McClellan command of the Army of
the Potomac in late 1861.Fatal flaw: Overcautious; frequently believed he
was outnumbered when in fact he always possessed numerical advantages; Lincoln accused him of having "the slows"
The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan" Initially ineffective; 3,500 miles of coastline too
daunting for undeveloped Union navy and undeveloped Union navy.
Concentrated on principal ports and inlets where bulk materials were loaded Eventually pinched blockade-runners
Respected by England; Britain did not want a future war with North
The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan" Battle of the Ironclads
Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) -- former U.S. warship plated on sides with old railroad rails; (not really seaworthy); first of the ironclads
Monitor -- Union counterpart to Merrimack built in 100 days
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 The Peninsula Campaign (April 5-June 16, 1862)
McClellan persuaded Lincoln to abandon a direct frontal assault by land and to try a flanking approach to Richmond by moving up the peninsula between James & York Riv’s.
Seven Day’s Battles (June 25-July 1, 1862)Peninsula campaign abandoned by Lincoln Losses: Confederates 20,141; Union 15,849
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run (14 July to 30
August)General Pope put in charge of Union army near
Washington. Combined forces of Lee, Jackson, & Longstreet
forced Federals to escape once again to Washington. Some blamed McClellan for not coming fast enough to
support Pope. Casualties: Union 16,054; Confederates 9,197Lincoln once again gave McClellan command of the
Army of the Potomac.
THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 Antietam (September 17, 1862)
Lee sought to invade Maryland hoping to wrestle it from the Union and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South.
Sept. 17 -- Battle of Antietam Considered one of most decisive battles in world history.
The Emancipation Proclamation Became effective Jan. 1, 1863
1. Civil War now became more of a moral crusade: a "higher purpose" 2. Lincoln’s immediate goal not so much to free slaves as to strengthen the moral cause of the Union at home and abroad
3. Didn’t go as far as Congress’ existing legislation for freeing enemy-owned slaves 4. Constitutionality of proclamation questionable at the time
THE WAR IN THE WEST Battle for control of the Mississippi Gen. Ulysses S. Grant became Lincoln’s most able
generalFort Donelson and Fort HenryShilohNew Orleans
THE WAR IN THE EASTLee defeated Bunside at FredericksburgChancellorsvilleBattle of Gettysburg
THE END OF THE WAR IN THE WESTVicksburg CampaignSherman marches through Georgia
ELECTION OF 64 AND COPPERHEADSCopperheads
Celement VallandighamElection of 64
END OF THE WARGrant promoted head of the UnionGrant pushes for RichmondCold HarborSiege of PetersburgSeige of RichmondLee’s SurrenderLincoln’s Assassination
Reconstruction1964-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan1865: 13th Amendment1865-66: Johnson’s Version of Lincoln’s proposal1866-67: Congressional Plan: 10% plan with the 14th
Amendment1867-77: Military Reconstruction: 14th Amendment plus
black suffrage later, established by the 15th AmendmentCompromise of 1876: Ends Reconstruction
RED, KKK AND IMMIGRANTSA. Mitchell Palmer- Fighting Quaker
Godsend to conservatives and businessmenKill Labor
Sacco and VanzettiKKK
Anti: foreign, Catholic, black, Jewish, pacifists, communist, revolutionary, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, birth control.
ForeignEmergency
Quota Act 1921Immigration Act 1924
AmericanismSeattle General StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel StrikeUnited Mine Workers of America
John L LewisPalmer Raids
PROHIBITION, GANGS, SCOPES
ProhibitionVolstead ActDry vs. wet
GangsChicagoAl CaponeCharles LindberghSt. Valentines day massacre
ScopesDayton TennesseeClarence DarrowWJB
The Mass-Consumption Economy
AutomobileThe Man Nobody KnowsBabe RuthJack DempseyFrederick W. TaylorModel T. FordFlying
Charles LindberghSpirit of St. Louis
Radio, Hollywood, and God Marconi Amos n Andy The Birth of a Nation The Jazz Singer Margaret Sanger Come to Church v. Devil Flappers Racial Pride
Marcus Garvey- UNIAPost WWI writing
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923“Dark Horse Candidate”RepublicanVP-Calvin CoolidgeSecretary of State-Charles E. HughesMajor Items:
Teapot Dome ScandalOhio Gang
Washington Conference 1921-225 Power Treaty
Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922From 27% Underwood to 38.5%
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923
Esc-Cumming TransportationRailroads go to private ownership
Return to NormalcyChicago Race RiotsClark MemorandumDawes Plan
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929RepublicanVP-DawesSecretary of State-
Frank KelloggMajor Items:
Muscle ShoalsKellogg-Briand
Pact 1928McNary-Haugen
Bill
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
Republican VP-CurtisSecretary of State-Henry L. StimsonMajor Items:
National Origins Immigration Act 1929Panic and DepressionStock Market Crash 1929
Great DepressionHawley-Smoot Tariff 1930Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat Eleanor RooseveltVP-Garner, Wallace, TrumanMajor Items:
New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc)
Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc)
Huey LongCourt Packing Scheme
First Hundred Days: Glass-Steagall, SEC, HOLC, FHA, FERA, CCC, PWA, AAA, NIRA, TVA
Relief, Recovery and ReformThe Banking CrisisEmergency Banking Relief Act 1933HOLAGlass-Stegall Banking ReformSecurities and Exchange Commission
CCCFERAPWAWPANYAAAADust Bowl
NIRASection 7a
NRABlue Eagle
Wagner ActCIOFair Labor StandardsTVAFHASocial Security ActIndian Reorganization Act
Critics of the New DealThe American Liberty LeagueFather Charles CoughlinSenator Huey Long
Share our WealthDr. Francis TownsendSchechter vs. USButler vs. USJudiciary Reorganization Bill
Road to WWII Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Washington Conference Locarno Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan Great Depression Good Neighbor Clark Memorandum Montevideo Conference Declaration of Lima Declaration of Panama London Economic
Conference
FDR Recognizes USSR Tyding-McDuffie Act Jones Act Mussolini Hitler Communism Japan Hoover-Stimson
Doctrine Triparte Pact Neutrality Act
1935,1936, 1937 Spanish Civil War Rome Berlin Axis
WWIIFDR Quarantine
SpeechChamberlain-
AppeasementSudetenlandMunich ConferenceNazi-Soviet Non-
Aggression Pact
BlitzkriegCash and CarryFall of FranceBattle of BritainTripartite PactLebensraumSelective Service
WWIIAmerica First
CommitteeDestroyer-Bases
DealElection of 1940Four Freedoms
SpeechLend LeaseShoot-on-sightAtlantic Charter
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Japanese EmbargoTojoPearl Harbor
US in WWIISun BeltRosie the Riveter
WAC’s, WAVES, WAF’sWar Production BoardOffice of Economic StabilizationSmith Connoly Antistrike actManhattan ProjectA. Philip Randolph
March on WashingtonBracero ProgramZoot Suit RiotsExecutive Order 9066
BattlesBataan Death
MarchStalingradD-DayEl AlameinInvasion of
GermanyBattle of the BulgeBattle of Coral SeaBattle of Midway
HolocaustRussiaJapan
ConferencesPotsdamCasablancaCairoTehranYaltaPotsdam
Harry S. Truman 1945-1953DemocratVP-BarkleyMajor Item:
WW II ends- atomic bombTaft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947Marshall Plan 1947Berlin AirliftNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Fall of China to communism 1949Korea 1950-1953“Fair Deal”
Index to this page Bill of Rights Amendment 1 Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly
Amendment 2 Right to bear armsAmendment 3 Quartering of soldiersAmendment 4 Search and arrestAmendment 5 Rights in criminal casesAmendment 6 Right to a fair trialAmendment 7 Rights in civil casesAmendment 8 Bail, fines, punishmentAmendment 9 Rights retained by the PeopleAmendment 10 States' rights Later Amendments
Amendment 11 Lawsuits against statesAmendment 12 Presidential electionsAmendment 13 Abolition of slaveryAmendment 14 Civil rightsAmendment 15 Black suffrageAmendment 16 Income taxesAmendment 17 Senatorial electionsAmendment 18 Prohibition of liquorAmendment 19 Women's suffrageAmendment 20 Terms of officeAmendment 21 Repeal of ProhibitionAmendment 22 Term Limits for the PresidencyAmendment 23 Washington, D.C., suffrageAmendment 24 Abolition of poll taxesAmendment 25 Presidential successionAmendment 26 18-year-old suffrageAmendment 27 Congressional pay raises
UrbanizationSkyscrapersBrooklyn BridgeNouveau RicheNew Immigration
27 million came 11 million went back
Ellis IslandAngle IslandDarwinEducationRealism
Chinese immigrationWorking Men’s Party of
CaliforniaChinese Exclusion Act
1862Tammany HallSocial GospelNativismNew MoralityWomen Suffrage
IndustrialismTech innovationsRailroadVanderbiltRobber BaronsBell/EdisonVertical vs. Horizontal
Integration
Interlocking directorates JP MorganBessemer ProcessGospel of Wealth“New South”Raise of Labor
Overview of Reconstruction1864-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan 1865: 13th Amendment1865-66: Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s proposal1866-67: Congressional plan: 10% plan with 14th
Amendment1867-77: Military Reconstruction (Congress): 14th
Amendment plus black suffrage later established nationwide by 15th Amendment.
ULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877)RepublicanHis VP- Calfax WilsonSecretary of State –
Hamilton FishMAJOR ITEMS:
15th Amendment -1870First Transcontinental
Railroad – 1869Tweed Ring
Panic of 1873
Credit Moblier
Whiskey Ring
Minor V. Happersett -1873
Slaughter House Cases 1874
Civil Rights Act 1875
Hayes-Tilden Standoff
White SupremacyKKKBlack CodesScalawagsCarpetbaggersShare Cropping
Rutherford B. Hayes =1877-1881
Republican VP-WheelerMajor Items:
Bland-Allison Act – 1878Free coinage of silver
Troops withdrawn from South -1877
James A. Garfield 1881
Republican VP-Chester A. ArthurSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items:
Garfield’s AssassinationC. Julius Guiteau
Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
RepublicanSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items
Pendleton Act -1883Civil service commission set up
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)
DemocratVP-HendricksMajor Items:
Knights of Labor (1886)Haymarket Riot (1886)Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Wabash vs. Illinois (1886)
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
Republican VP – MortonSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)Populists Party Platform of 1892ND, SD, MT, WA – 1889 StatesIdaho, Wyoming -1890McKinley Tariff
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
Second AdministrationDemocratVP-StevensonMajor Items:
Panic of 1893Hawaiian Incident 1893Venezuelan Boundary Affair – 1895
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
Pullman Strike 1894American Federation of LaborWilson – Gorman
William McKinley (1897-1901)
RepublicanVP- Garet Hobart (1896-1900)VP-Theodore RooseveltSecretary of State John Hay
William McKinley (1897-1901)
New ImperialismSpanish American War (April 1898 to February
1899)Open Door Policy (1899)Boxer Rebellion (1900)McKinley’s Assassination
Leon Czogosz
Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)
RepublicanVP-FairbanksSecretary of State-John Haw, Elihu RootMajor Items:
Panama CanalSquare DealCorollary to Monroe Doctrine – 1904Portsmouth Treaty 1905
Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Gentleman’s Agreement with JapanHague ConferenceHepburn ActPure Food and Drug ActMeat Inspection ActMuckrakers-1906
Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Political Reformers of the Roosevelt EraTrust-BustingCoal StrikeConservationVenezuelan Debt Controversy -1902Dominican Republic Crisis
William H. Taft (1909-1913)
Republican VP – ShermanMajor Items:
Paine-Aldrich Tariff -1909Pinchet-Balling conservation, polygamy problem
1909“Dollar Diplomacy”
Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921
DemocratVP-MarshallMajor Items:
Underwood Tariff -191316th, 17th, 18th, 19th AmendmentFederal Reserve System – 1913Clayton Anti-Trust Act -1914
Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921
Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico
The Lusitania – May 1915“Fourteen Points” January 1917Treaty of Versailles – 1919-1920“New Freedom”
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923“Dark Horse Candidate”RepublicanVP-Calvin CoolidgeSecretary of State-Charles E. HughesMajor Items:
Teapot Dome ScandalWashington Conference 1921-22Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922
1920’sThe Red Scare
Seattle General StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel StrikeUnited Mine Workers of America
Palmer RaidsSacco and VanzettiKKK1921 Immigration Act1924 National Origins ActScopes TrialProhibitionEconomyInventionsHarlem Renaissance
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
RepublicanVP-DawesSecretary of State-
Frank KelloggMajor Items:
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
Republican VP-CurtisSecretary of State-Henry L. StimsonMajor Items:
National Origins Immigration Act 1929Panic and DepressionStock Market Crash 1929Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace, TrumanMajor Items:
New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc)
Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc)
Huey LongCourt Packing Scheme
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace,
TrumanMajor Items:
WW IIHitlerMussoliniFascismSpanish Civil WarAppeasementQuarantine speechneutrality actsLend-leaseDestroyer deal
Pearl HarborNorth AfricaBig ThreeNormandyYaltaHolocaustAtlantic CharterUnited NationsManhattan Project
Harry S. Truman 1945-1953DemocratVP-BarkleyMajor Item:
WW II ends- atomic bombTaft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947Marshall Plan 1947Berlin AirliftNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Fall of China to communism 1949Korea 1950-1953“Fair Deal”