Post on 11-Jan-2016
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AQUATIC PROKARYOTES
• Prokaryotes: without a nucleus, very small, relatively simple– Kingdom Archaebacteria– Kingdom Eubacteria
• Eukaryotes: with a nucleus, bigger, more complex– Kingdom Protista– Kingdom Fungi– Kingdom Plantae– Kingdom Animalia
MICROBES OVERVIEW
• Live in extreme environments– Less complex cell wall and
over all structure• Three main groups:
– Methanogens– Extreme Halophiles– Extreme Thermophiles
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Unique form of energy metabolism– Use Carbon Dioxide and
Hydrogen to produce Methane
– Strict Anaerobes: poisoned by Oxygen
• Important decomposers (used in sewage treatment)
• Very important role living in the guts of cellulose-consuming animals– Cattle, termites, and other
herbivores
METHANOGENS
SWAMP METHANOGENS IN BIOFILM
Henry Aldrich, haldrich@micro.ifas.ufl.edu
METHANOGEN FOUND IN SANDY BIOFILM
Characteristics of a methanogenic biofilm on sand particles in a fluidized bed reactor, Lat. Am. appl. res. vol.35 no.4 Bahía Blanca Oct./Dec. 2005
METHANOGEN FOUND NEAR AN OFFSHORE OIL WELL
Complete genome sequence of Methanoplanus petrolearius type strain, Stand. Genomic Sci. 2010 3:2ISSN 1944-3277doi:10.4056/sigs.1183143
• Thrive in hot environments• Many metabolize sulfur• Maybe the most closely related
to Eukaryotes
THERMOPHILES
THERMOPHILES FOUND IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
http://yellowstonethermophiles.com/Forum.html Mike Bryers
THERMOPHILES FOUND IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
www.ryanjordan.com
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA FROM A HYDROTHERMAL VENT
Credit: Julie Huber / Marine Biological Laboratory
TEHRMOPHILIC BACTERIAL MAT FOUND NEAR AN UNDERSEA VOLCANO 640 FEET DEEP
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
• Live in salty environments• Some just tolerate salt• Some actually require an
environment 10 times saltier than saltwater
• Colonies of halophiles form a purple-red scum– Use bacteriorhodopsin
instead of chlorophyll for photosynthesis
HALOPHILES
HALOPHILES NEAR THE GREAT SALT LAKES
HALOPHILES IN OWENS LAKE, CALIFORNIA
HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM
Credit: NASA
• Proteobacteria– Alpha Proteobacteria– Beta Proteobacteria– Gamma Proteobacteria– Delta Proteobacteria– Epsilon Proteobacteria
• Chlamydias• Spirochetes• Cyanobacteria• Gram-Positive Bacteria
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• Proteobacteria: gram-negative (cell wall lacking peptidoglycan)– Named after Greek god of
the sea, Proteus (capable of assuming many shapes)
– Very diverse, taxonomy based upon rRNA (ribosomal RNA) sequences
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• Alpha Proteobacteria: – Most are symbiotic with a
eukaryotic host– Example: Rhizobium sp. live
in roots and ‘fix’ nitrogen gas
– Thought to be the ancestors of mitochondria in Eukaryotes
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: PROTEOBACTERIA
ALPHA PROTEOBACTERIA
RHIZOBIUM SP. IN THE ROOT NODULES OF A PEA PLANT
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16monera.htm
• Beta Proteobacteria:– Free-living and symbiotic– Key roles in chemical cycles
of ecosystems• Nitrogen cycle and
nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp.
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: BETA PROTEOBACTERIA
NITROBACTER SP.
Eva Spieck, Universität Hamburg
NITROSOMONAS SP.
• Purple Bacteria:– Photoautotrophs– Obligate anerobes that
extract electrons from molecules other than H2O, like H2S (producing sulfurs)• Smelly mud
– Many are flagellated
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: ALPHA AND BETA PROTEOBACTERIA
PURPLE BACTERIA
http://www.nicerweb.com/bio1100/Locked/media/ch01/kingdom_Bacteria.html
PURPLE BACTERIA IN A SULFUR SPRING
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and Pennsylvania State University
• Some Autotrophic: obtain energy by oxidizing H2S instead of H2O, results in sulfur as a byproduct– Others are methane
oxidizers that live symbiotically in oceanic geothermal vent dwelling organisms
– Others oxidize Arsenic (maybe extraterrestrial?)
• Some Heterotrophic:– some are pathogens like
Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumoniae
– Some are normally not like Escherichia coli
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: GAMMA PROTEOBACTERIA
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: GAMMA PROTEOBACTERIA
University of Delaware
• Many are pathogenic to animals and are responsible for things like ulcers and blood poisoning
• Some are found near deep-sea vents where they oxidize chemicals like methane and sulfur
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA: EPSILON PROTEOBACTERIA
De Wood, Pooley, USDA, ARS, EMU
• Chlamydias: gram-negative as well– Parasites that can only live
within animal cells: Chlamydia (most common STD in the USA)
• Spirochetes: Helical in shape – Many are free-living,
Chemoheterotrophs – but many are notorious
parasites• Syphilis and Lyme disease• Distiguished by the flagella
which run lengthwise along the body
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• Cyanobacteria: – Known as ‘blue-green algae’– Photoautotrophs: only
prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis
– Their first apperence in early Earth evolution probably resulted in the atmosphere becoming oxygen-rich
– Likely ancestors of chloroplasts– Abundant wherever there is water
and provide an enormous amount of food to aquatic ecosystems
– Some species are symbiotic:– Lichen: provides the fungus
growing on trees with nutrients
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
CYANOBACTERIA
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Evolution/stromatolites2.htm
CYANOBACTERIA BLOOM
Lamiot, via wikicommons
• Stromatolites: fossilized cyanobacteria colonies
CYANOBACTERIA
Paul Harrsionhttp://www.astro.wisc.edu/~townsend/static.php?ref=diploma-6
• Gram-Positive Bacteria:– Gram-positive because of
the presence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls
– Very diverse• Some are pathogens
causing tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, botulism, strep throat, and many more
• Most are decomposers living in soil, (by the way: partially responsible for the smell of dirt)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• Decomposers: breakdown corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products, and thereby unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements– Without these and other
decomposers all life would cease
• Some use CO2 to make organic compounds which is then passed up through the food chain
• Some produce atmospheric Oxygen (cyanobacteria)
• Others convert nitrogen to usable forms (nitrogen fixation and nitrification)
PROKARYOTES AND CHEMICAL RECYCLING
• Symbiosis (greek for ‘living together): ecological relationship where two organisms live in close contact with eachother– Prokaryotes often form
symbiotic relationships with others• Host and symbiont
– Mutualism: relationship where both benefit
– Commensalism: one benefits and other is not effected
– Parasitism: one eats the other but does not kill it immediately (unlike a predator)
PROKARYOTES AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
• The well-being of many eukaryotes (including yourself) depend on the mutualistic prokaryotes– Human intestines are home
to an estimated 500-1,000 species of bacteria
– Bacterial cells in a body outnumber all human cells by as much as 10 times!
– They perform a variety of roles including breaking down foods that we can’t (plant matter especially)
PROKARYOTES AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
• Use of E. coli in gene cloning• Bioremediation: use of organisms to
remove pollutants from soil, air, or water– Anaerobic bacteria and archaea
decompose the organic matter in sewage to be used in fertilizer
– Cleaning up oil spills– Removing radioactive material
from groundwater• Bacteria now used to make natural
biodegradable plastics (normally made from petroleum)
• Through genetic engineering, bacteria are modified to produce vitamins, antibiotics, hormones and other products
• Researchers are also engineering bacteria that can produce ethanol from various forms of biomass with the hopes of reducing fossil fuel use
PROKARYOTES IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
GREAT SYMBIOTIC EXAMPLE: BIOLUMINESCENCE
Bill Rudman
GREAT SYMBIOTIC EXAMPLE: BIOLUMINESCENCE
http://www.ecosystm.org/squid_glowing_bacteria_work_well_together.htm
GREAT SYMBIOTIC EXAMPLE: BIOLUMINESCENCE
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/0305/04-glow-08.html
GREAT SYMBIOTIC EXAMPLE: BIOLUMINESCENCE
Karen Osborn of Scripps Oceanography