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T gus Aronia is a grou o argovrook srus ativ to t ast-r Uit Stats. Aronia scis av
trmous ottia or us as oramtaasca ats a as a i ruit cro.O tig tat as ack cosumr acc-tac o Aronia is t uortuat commoam cokrra am uik to ara at to cosumrs. T am cokrr
ma av giv toAronia caus oav osrv tat t rris ar iitia ovr-ook irs a ar o tak atr i titr t ar t ast ruits rmaiig.T strog tai avor o cokrr ruitsma sm to t raso irs avoi truits, ut oritoogists oit out tat it maactua t rativ o roti cott o
t ruits comar to otr ruits tat ar morrai tak irs.
I am aas orkig to igt oaoutAronia a i oig so I av ou tatcousio aous it coms to cokrra cokcrr. I rguar av o t mt ar amiiar it cokrr, o to fout tat t mat cokcrr (Prunus vir-
giniana). Aronia is o o t st kt at
scrts arousurrisig sic tis gus is ascomx a itrstig as it is usu.
Aronia Spcis n Thir Chrctristics
Cokrris ar i t Rosaca a ar muti-stmm, ciuous srus. T rai ormrizoms a ca suckr to orm sma coo-is i a o-aggrssiv mar. To scis
Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential
Mark Brand
R chobrrys striing ruit ispy sts svr months.
All
phOTOSARebyTheAUThORUnleSSOTheRwISeIndICATed
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oAronia ar gra rcogiz:A. arbutio-lia (r cokrr) aA. melanocarpa (ackcokrr). hari (1973) suggsts tat ruitcoorr vrsus acksou us to i-rtiat t scis. I aitio to ruitcoor, Krussma (1986) us gr o us-cc o stms, avs, a iorsccs to
istiguis r rom ack cokrr. A tir
scis, A. pruniolia (ur cokrr), isgra rcogiz as avig ur-ackruits a amouts o uscc itrmiatt t r a ack scis. I m osr-
vatio, t amout o uscc o atstat cou cosirA. pruniolia ca ragrom morat to av. Ta 1 summarizssom o t caractristics tat ca us totr to irtiat r rom ack cokrr.Sciatio iti tAronia gus is ar romcar cut a mor rsarc s to co-uct to trmi iA. pruniolia is a ritA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa orsou cosir as art o t A. melano-carpa scis. (S t taxoom siar or
mor iormatio oAronia sciatio).T r chobrry gros 6 to 10 t (1.8 to3 mtrs) ta a 3 to 5 t (.9 to 1.5 mtrs)
Th vs o r chobrry (sn hr) r pubscnton th owr surc whi bc chobrry vsc pubscnc.
R chobrry hs n upright growth hbit.
Though not ong sting, r chobrrys fowrs r ttrctivin th spring.
R chobrry hs outstning r oig coor.
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i. It is a muti-stmm sru it a is-tict urigt grot ait. ev toug tat suckrs a sras, it ca com som-at gg a o at t as. Most o t
oiag o a matur r cokrr i oui t ur a o t at. Summr oiago r cokrr is si or at gr aova grais tomtos o. n grot ostms is aso quit usct. lavs ar oo-vat or itica it a sort acumiat tia margia srratios. R cokrr aoiag turs a virat r crimso or urr a ca sctacuar i su ocatios.ev i art sa ocatios t avsmustr a vr ic o orag a r. I
aitio to ig attractiv i t summr aa, t r cokrr aso ors i srig,usua i ar Ma i n ega. Smait ors ar rouc i custrs tat araout 1.5 ics (3.8 ctimtrs) i aca so umrous tat t covr t caosurac. T ors o ot ast a articuarog tim (aout t sam amout o tim as
Amelanchier ors), ut t o a arsaso itrst to t at.
pras t st art aout t ors istat t giv ris to auat r ruits i
at Stmr a ar Octor. T custrso sma (0.25 ic [.64 ctimtr] iamtr)ruits ar quit so a tica rmaifrm, goss, a attractiv troug dcmr.As stat or, irs rar stri t ruitsrom t ats uti atr t av ost ora-mta aa.
T bc chobrry ca gra is-tiguis rom t r cokrr ( ruitar ast) t ack o uscc o stmsa a ursis. back cokrris ar aso
sortr ta tir r-ruit coutrarts,attaiig a matur igt o 4 to 8 t (1.2 to2.4 mtrs). lik t r cokrr, it suckrsrous, ut orms s ats a coois,rar aarig vr gg.
back cokrr as outstaig, ustrous,ark gr summr oiag tat turs a asig o o, orag a r i t a. wi
Bc chobrry brs gossy bc ruit.
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Th gbrous oig o bc chobrry is grn in summr n cn vop goo r to orng n yow coor.
Table 1: Comparison of red (Aronia arbutifolia) andblack (A. melanocarpa) chokeberry characteristics
Red BlaCk
ruit coor crr r ruit coor ack
ruit rativ sma ( 0.3 ic) ruit rativ arg ( 0.3 ic)
ruit ris St.Oct. ruit ris at JuAug.
ruit rsistt ito itr ruit srivs a ros
avs, stms, iorsccs usct avs, stms, iorsccs garous
ait urigt, gg at as ait rou, u to as
ou rimari o am/t sits ou o ot am/t sits a r sits
iaits coasta soutastr U.S. iaits ortastr a mistr U.S.
t ack cokrrs autum oiag isama a a it s o tat o its r-ruit ra-tiv, it is sti surior to ma srus. Forsar it, or i Ma, a ar simiar i a-
sca ctivss to t r cokrr. T
ack ruits, rom icA. melanocarpa gtsits commo am, ar si a argr (0.3 to0.5 ic [0.8 to 1.3 ctimtrs] iamtr) tat ruits oA. arbutiolia. Fruits ca ri as
ar as mi-Ju, ut t rimari ri ur-
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ig t mot o August. back cokrrisitr soo atr riig a itr ro oor rsist or a i as raisis o t at.
A. melanocarpa ouatios i t ur Mi-st tica av mor rsistt ruit taouatios i t nortast.
distribution n Hbitt
T gograica rag or Aronia arbutioliais ctr i t soutastr Coasta pai,ut it ca ou xtig out ito suitaaitats star ito t Aaacia Mou-tais. It rags rom astr Txas to ortrForia a cotius u t astr saoar.It is commo i muc o t Caroias, Vir-giia, Mara, a n Jrs. Atoug itca ou i n ega, r cokrroccurs muc ss rqut tr a is g-ra ou cos to t coast. T ctr o
istriutio or Aronia melanocarpa is i tortastr stats a t Grat laks rgio,it rag xtsio ito t igr vatioso t Aaacia Moutais. I t Aa-acia Moutais a t nortast tris cosira ovra o t r a ackcokrr rag. Atoug t iormatio issomat icomt,A. pruniolia sms to
ou trougout muc o t ack cok-rr rag a xts somat ito tr cokrr rag.
Aronia arbutiolia occurs i ogs, sams,savaas, oa oos, t gs o atrois, moist rock ss, a moist i ar-rs. A. melanocarpa occurs i simiar tocatios, ut ca aso ou groig osa us, r rock sos, r us aas, a grass aras. you i rar i
A. arbutiolia o t sam r rock us a
a powrin cut with sn ovrying moist sps is hom to r chobrris in North Croin.
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On typ o bc/purp chobrry nvironmnt in Min.
us rA. melanocarpa occurs, ut I avou it groig i ti ars o orgaic uo t xos sis o rock as.A. pruni-
olia is ou i aras simiar toA. arbutiolia,ut aso i somat rir carigs.
Cutur Conitions
Cokrris ar cosir to ar to
USdA ariss zo 4 a, it ror go-t sctio, t r scis ca xiit gooat torac as . pats ca gro suc-cssu i artia sa or u su, ut ttrorig, ruitig, a a coor occur i usu situatios. bot r a ack cokrrissm to torat r or t soi coitios, vtoug t r scis atura occurs mostot i t aras. bst grot ca xcti moist sois, ut soi t is ot critica.Trasatig a staismt ar as it
cokrris v t ar giv omost atrcar. lik most mmrs o tRosaca,Aronia as a smig ss ist oiscts a isass tat cou attack it, ut tats rar sm to act muc aar cosir rativ carr. I av outat or mi ca it A. melanocarpa,ut it ost sm to so u to a gr o
A. arbutiolia. lacug is o isct tat I avosrv occasioa aictig ack cok-rr groig o ot, r sits.
Aronia Gntics: Poiy n apomixis
puis itratur stats tat A. arbutioliaas a 2 umr (umr o cromosoms isomatic cs) o itr 34 or 68 aA. melano-carpa as a 2 umr o 34 (darigto aJaaki 1945). At t Uivrsit o CocticutI av aAronia grmasm coctio o ovr
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This rocy outcropping in th appchin Mountins in Tnnss is typic hbitt orAronia.
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Taxonomic Teasers inAronia
O
vr t ars, Aronia as ac i umrous gra, icuigMespilus, Pyrus, Adenorachis, Sorbus, a Photinia irt taxo-omic autoritis (Rortso t a. 1991). Rr (1949) a hari
(1973) cos to us t gusAronia or t cokrris. I 1991, Rortso ta., ac t cokrris i t gus Photinia, citig o ircs i oraa ruit moroog t ats orma i t gusAronia a tos iPhotinia. Accorig to Rortso t a., r cokrr coms Photinia pyri-
olia, ack cokrr coms Photinia melanocarpa, a ur cokrrcoms Photinia foribunda. T USdA pats dataas (ats.usa.gov) asaot Photinia as t gus or t cokrris, ut USdA GRIn (.ars-gri.gov/) is sti aoigAronia. likis, i t 6t itio o Micadirrs Manual o Woody Landscape Plants, Aronia is sti ig us or tcokrris. Uti mor cocusiv gtic stuis ar urtak, tr iik cotiu ucrtait aout t corrct gus or t cokrris.
Aotr oit o omcatura ucrtait is itAronia pruniolia. Souit cosir a sarat scis or o itoA. melanocarpa orA. arbutio-
lia as a varit? I it is a sarat scis, os it av its origis as a itrscifcri oA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa a sou it sigat asAroniaxpruniolia? Most o t vic sms to suggst tat t ur cokrris t rsut o itrscifc riizatio t r a ack cokrr. wko rom our o riizatio ork tat it is rativ as to cross r aack cokrris a gt osrig tat ar ot t rsut o aomixis. w avoiat ioi ack to ttraoi r a av ma ur ats ic artrioi. hari (1973) oits out tat gar ris t r a ack avaris at tims a av rrr to asAronia foribunda.
Som av argu tat t atura occurrigA. pruniolia is somtig i-rt romA. foribunda caus it ca occur outsi aras r t r aack cokrris ar smatric, ut tis argumt is a. It os ot takito cosiratio t ik scario tat itrscifc r-ack ris ro-uc via ss aomictica. T ur scis cou aris at t margis oovra o t r a ack scis a t sra s to rgios ar oac art scis rag. pur cokrr cou aso sra vgtativ rizoms. Furtrmor, ur cokrris sm to occur i t gratst au-ac a av t most iti-ouatio variaiit i aras r ot tr a ack cokrris ovra. par cromatogra o i t 1960s or, ack, a ur cokrr ou tat ur cokrr cotai t
gratst umr o uiqu comous i comariso to r a ack, aigmor igt to t tor o ri origi (Asto t a. 1965). Ts argumts,aog it t act tatA. pruniolia gra as moroogica caractristics(gr o a/stm uscc, ruit coor, ruit riig at, at ait) tatar itrmiat tA. arbutiolia aA. melanocarpa, sm to ti t a-ac i avor o ri origi. O it o ork couct i t 1970s, at t ocos log Asto Rsarc Statio at t Uivrsit o bristo, ou tat tavo C-gucosi vitxi is rstrict to arbutiolia apruniolia x arbutioliamatria a ast rom melanocarpa apruniolia x melanocarpa matria.Ts figs o ot suort t ivovmt oA. arbutiolia i t artagoA. pruniolia (Ao. 1974).
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100 accssios o ack, ur, a r scis.So ar, as o o ctomtr rsuts, avot ou a ioi (2=34) r cokrris.wit aitioa coctig, o to f t
usiv ioiA. arbutiolia. back cokr-ris coct rom outsi o n egaav a ttraois (2=68), i nega ack cokrris av ioi(2=34). Tr ar umrous accssios tat iv to A. pruniolia a ts ats aritr ttraoi or trioi.
Tr is moutig vic tat suggststatAronia is caa o roucig aomicticss (prsso hovmam t a. 2004). Tsar ss tat vo itout rtiizatio o
t gg a ar, tror, cos o t motrat. Tis is articuar tru o ttraoia trioi orms oAronia. Aomictic sst as susct rom osrvatios ot omogit i cutivat Russia atmatria (poavskaa 1995). I our o
rig ork itAronia at t Uivrsito Cocticut, av ou tat sigouatios rom ttraoi ats ar visu-a itica to t ma art rgarss
o t oi o t o us. w usa ioi ma art, gt sgrgatioiti t ouatio. w av aso outat trioiAronia rouc rti s, vtoug trioi tica rsuts i striit. Itis ik tat ooi orms o Aronia avvov to rouc s troug aomixis as auctioa mar i ic to rrouc.
Why th Intrst inAronia?
T utur is articuar rigt orAronia a
it i uout mrg rom its rativoscurit to srv as ot a imortat ora-mta asca sru a as a utracuticaruit cro. Tr is groig itrst amog gar-rs, ascars, asca arcitcts, at gra uic i makig ttr us o our
Chobrris r vrsti ornmnt nscp shrubs. a pnting o bc chobrry is sn hr in coor.
nAnCyROSe
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o ativ ats, scia t casrv as atrativs to romatic aggrssiva ivasiv xotic scis.
I t nortast, t ouar ig uo-
mus or urig us (Euonymus alatus) ascom ivasiv a as v a iMassacustts a n hamsir. Its maiasca attriuts ar stuig r a coor,s ait, a as cutur. Sic ativigus urr (Vaccinium corymbosum)aso as xct r a coor it is ot rc-omm as a racmt or urig us,ut it is ot aat to ma o t ascasits r urig us as tica mo.Aronia ca srv as a muc ttr
atrativ to E. alatus caus it is sit aat-a i aitio to avig muti-saso itr-st, icuig r a coor. To com ouaroramta srus, cokrris sim aitt marktig a ras a mor aaigcommo am.
I aitio to uss as a oramta, ackcokrr is rai gaiig momtum asa sma ruit cro or ma arts o tUit Stats. T urr-siz ack ruitsrouc Aronia melanocarpa av tigst ko vs o atioxiats (atoca-
is a avoois) o a tmrat ruit, fvtims igr ta crarr a urr, aaso cotai strog aticacr comous.Aro-
nia as i gro i eastr euroa Russia r t ruits ar rocss aus i vrags, i, j, a ak goos(Kask 1987). I t Uit Stats, Aronia isarg uko as a ruit cro, ut tr ar oovious imitatios to rvt it rom com-ig ouar r as , scia giv tuics groig itrst i uctioa oos.
primiar ork i Ioa, Orgo, wiscosi,a nraska as mostrat t viaiit oAronia as a ruit cro i ma rgios, icu-ig n ega.
Aronia rris, i i as a rs ruit,ar muc tastir t ruits av rocss. T ar ig i sugar (12 to 20%sou sois), atocais (560 to 1050mg/100 g rs igt), av a h o 3.3 to 3.7,a 0.7 to 1.2% titrata aciit (Jsso aJoasso 2000; Oszmiaski a Sais 1988).Cokrris ar vr suita or iustria
rocssig sic t ar ot ro to mcai-ca amag urig trasort a av o cticott (Jsso 1999). Morovr, cokrris
ca arvst maci (Gatk a wik1991) a tr is a og arvst io.
Sic cokrr juic is uik to s,it is usua a as aroia juic. wi rto ark ur i coor, it is ot itotr mor avoru juics suc as a, cra-rr, gra, a ack currat to mak ouarvrags. Otr commo uss icu jisa jams, sru, sot sras, tas, i, aavorigs or ic cram a ogurt. Aroia juicis aso a xct coorat.
T Uivrsit o wiscosi-MaisoCtr or Itgrat Sstms (Scr 2008)vauat 13 ottia ucommo ruits itsustaiaiit ottia.Aronia as cos ast cro it t gratst ottia, atigout currats, goosrris, a rrris.lo iut rquirmts, ig aataiit,ig st rsistac, ig utracutica co-tt, sort tim to frst i, as o cutur,a ig maci arvst ottia r givas rasos Aronia is tos or commrciarouctio ottia.
aroni juic proucts (t to right): roni bn with cijuic to m ruit juic rin simir to crnbrry cocti,powr juic to mix into oo or rin s nutrcutic,n nutrcutic bvrg contining roni juic.
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Bring n Sction
brig orts to imrov oramta cok-rris at t Uivrsit o Cocticut arocus rimari o r cokrr. Tris a to ruc t ats statur aa imiat its tc toar ggiss.Aotr goa ou icras ruit siz torovi a mor imrssiv isa i t aa ar itr. Fa oiag imact ca ac imrovig a rttio as tavs tur r; currt avaia orms o rcokrr t to ro avs too quick atrcoorig. Sctios ca aso ma or rsis-tac to or mi i ack cokrr.So ar, imrovig r cokrr as ca-gig caus a o t accssios avar ttraois tat roa rouc aomictics. Fiig a i ioiA. arbutiolia courov to vr usu i rig tis scis.pooi ca aso mak it mor ifcut tous mutatio rig o r cokrr uto t xtra sts o cromosoms tat ca mask
icomt mutatios. notss, avma som rogrss i voig mor com-act orms o r cokrr usig cmicamutags a irraiatio.
euroa a Russia rig orts toac ack cokrr or ruit rouctioav arg costrai t igomogous g oo i omsticat Rus-sia at matria. To mak rogrss i tisara it is, tror, cssar to roa tgtic asis troug t itrouctio o
grmasm rom ativ stas (prsso hov-mam t a. 2004). Tr is vic suggstigtat avooi cott o cokrris ca icras icororatig ativ grmasmtat cotais igr vs o avoois itoa rig rogram (Suiro t a. 2006). du toaomixis, ioi orms o ack cokrrar at t cor o at imrovmt ortsat t Uivrsit o Cocticut. It is ucartr ttraoi orms ar autottraois oraottraois. It is ossi tat commrcia
Th ruit o Viing(t) n typic wi-typAronia melanocarpa (right). Viing n Nro r th primry cuti-vrs vib or ruit prouction in th Unit Stts (Mcky 2001). Both r ttrpoi orms (Brn, unpubisht) with rg, rtivy swt brris n r th highst proucing cutivrs currnty vib (Stri t . 2003).
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Aronia cutivars ik Vikig cou aottra-ois, sicAronia is ko to riiz itats i t Rosaca gus Sorbus.
Our rimar goa at t Uivrsit o Co-
cticut is to imrov ack cokrr as aruit cro icrasig vs o atioxiatsa aticacr comous i t ruits imaitaiig or icrasig ruit siz aov tatou i currt commrcia cutivars sucas Vikig. O cours, imrovig ruit avoris aso imortat. w ar currt trig tourav t gtics tat av giv us cuti-vars ik Vikig a nro. Som autoritissigat t arg ruit ack cokrrisasAronia mitschurini (Strik t a. 2003). I t
at 1800s a ar 1900s, Russia a ast-r euroa rrs a sigifcat Aroniarig rograms. Iva Micuri, a Russiaat rr, rouc a at ca likr-aa tat is a itrgric ri tSorbus aucuparia a Aronia melanocarpa(Kask 1987). It is ossi tat tis itrg-ric ri, or otrs ik it, r vtuaack cross toA. melanocarpa to giv ris tocutivars suc as Vikig. b urstaigo Vikig as crat, o to r-cratsurior arg-ruit orms or t gigomstic cokrr ruit iustr.
litrtur Cit
Asto, R. e., h. Rosr, K. na a T. J. Mar. 1965.hri comous i atura a itrscifcris. Proceedings o the National Academyo Science 54:14581465.
Ao. 1974. Aronia. log Asto Rsarc Statio,Uivrsit o bristo: Rort 1974.
brmz-Soto, M.J., larrosa, M., Garcia-Catajo, J.M.,es, J.C., Toms-barra, F.A., & Garca-
Cosa, M.T. 2007. U-rguatio o tumorsurssor carciomroic atig-ratc asio mocu 1 i uma coo cacrCaco-2 cs ooig rtitiv xosur toitar vs o a oo-ric cokrrjuic. Journal o Nutritional Biochemistry18:259271.
darigto, C. d. a e. K. Jaaki. 1945. Chromosomeatlas o cultivated plants. Gorg A aUi lt., loo.
Gatk, R. a K. wik. 1991. Si Aroia-buscmaci rtar? Gartenbau 38:3738.
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Jsso, n. 1999. evauatio o ack cokrr,Aroniamelanocarpa, grmasm or rouctio o
atura oo coourats. Acta Horticulturae484:193198.
Jsso, n. a R. Joasso. 2000. Cags iruit quait i ack cokrr (Aroniamelanocarpa) urig maturatio. Journalo Horticultural Science and Biotechnology75:340345.
Kask, K. 1987. larg-ruit ack cokrr (Aroniamelanocarpa). Fruit Varieties Journal 41:47.
Krussma G. 1986. Cultivated Broad-leaved Trees andShrubs, 3 voums, b. T. batsor lt., loo.
McKa, S.A. 2001. dma icrasig or aroia
a rrr i nort Amrica. NY FruitQuarterly9:23.
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paavskaa, T. K. 1995.Aronia, its coomic sigifcaca currt status. I:A program and methodso breeding ruit, small-ruit and nut bearingcrops. Oro, Russia:457459.
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Rr, A. 1949. Bibliography o Cultivated Trees andShrubs. Aro Arortum, harvar Uivrsit.. 261262.
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cokrr (Aronia melanocarpa) i Orgo,USA.Acta Horticulturae (IShS) 626:439443.
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Mark bra is a rossor i t dartmt o patScic a lasca Arcitctur at t Uivrsito Cocticut.
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