Post on 21-Apr-2018
transcript
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ARTH 4573 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
week 2 | section 2 – illuminated manuscripts
Medieval Times } Middle Ages } “The Dark Ages”
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten “books” produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE
*CODEX
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated
} “EASTERN” branch in Islamic countries
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Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated
} “EASTERN” branch in Islamic countries } “WESTERN” branch in Europe, mostly Christian
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten “books” produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} For whom? > Remember that most people were illiterate
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten “books” produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} For whom? } Monasteries’ libraries } Wealthy individuals
Illuminated Manuscript } Use of visual embellishment to express/expand the word
} Communicating in a different way } Especially to those who could not read (or read well) } (Remember also that the text is/was usually in Latin)
} Graphic forms } Page layouts } Illustration styles } Lettering styles } Techniques } Codex
Papyrus ROLLED
Parchment flat sheets Ink and Gold 1468, Legenda Sanctorum
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Stuttgart Psalter, c. 820-830, France
Scriptorium
Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc.
Scriptorium } WHO?
} Scrittori } Copisti } Illuminator
http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/03/21/monk-complaints-manuscripts/
This illuminated manuscript is not any of those you are studying in the Meggs book. This image is pulled to show you the English translations of Latin scribbled words written amongst the illuminations and scripture. J
Stuttgart Psalter Detail, c. 820-830, France (see notes in margin)
Scriptorium } WHO?
} Scrittori } Copisti } Illuminator
} Colophon
http://www.designhistory.org/BookHistory_pages/images_book/colophon_large.jpg
• This illuminated manuscript’s colophon states that the city of origin in Antwerp and the year of completion is 1524.
• This was likely a printed book on paper that uses a typeface imitating script rendered by hand.
• The fact that it is in Latin is still common at this time.
Books (Christian):
} The Holy Bible: Old and New Testaments
} Psalter } Gospels } Apocalypse } Book of Hours
Books: Psalter
} Volume containing the Book of Psalms } From Judeo-Christian religious writings } For Christians: Old Testament of the Holy Bible FYI: for Jews, Psalms is in Ketuvim of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible)
} Often also contained: ¨ Liturgical calendar ¨ Litany of Saints
} Who used? } Wealthy people as private devotional book
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Gospels
} First 4 books of the Christian New Testament } Matthew } Mark } Luke } John
Books: Apocalypse
} Book of Revelations (the last book) from Christian Bible’s New Testament
} Prophesying the end of the world
Books: Book of Hours
} Most contain collection of texts, prayers, psalms:
} Who/Why? For lay people who wished to incorporate elements of monasticism into their devotional life.
Books: Book of Hours
} Most contain collection of texts, prayers, psalms: } Liturgical Calendar } Excerpt from each of 4 Gospels } 15 Psalms of Degrees } 7 Penitential Psalms } Litany of Saints } Office for the Dead } Hours of the Cross } Various other prayers, devotionals
spreading the WORD Education value of pictures
Stuttgart Psalter, c. 820-830, France
spreading the WORD Education value of pictures Ability to create mystical, spiritual overtones
DETAIL from Stuttgart Psalter; David and Goliath, CAROLINGIAN STYLE
https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3474/3362444613_5b5a34d399_b.jpg
DETAIL from Stuttgart Psalter; Jonah and the whale CAROLINGIAN STYLE
https://www.google.com/search?q=Stuttgart+Psalter+Detail&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiysdq9ntXKAhWM7iYKHcAqAIMQ_AUIBygB&biw=1027&bih=678#q=Stuttgart+Psalter+Detail&tbm=isch&tbs=isz:l&imgrc=kUvs8aTLw00bPM%3A
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spreading the WORD Education value of pictures Ability to create mystical, spiritual overtones Size = portability in saddlebags Slow = regional styles created
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Who? } Countries Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic ≠ Germany } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} “France”
Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic tribes ≠ Germany } Visigoth ≠ Vikings
} “France”
Who? } Germanic ≠ Germany
} (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by
Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes
} Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic).
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} 1871-1945 - 1 country } 1945-1989 - 2 countries, East Germany and West Germany
} Soviets controlled East, though still officially its own country
} 1989 – Berlin Wall falls } 1990 – German Reunification
Who? } Germanic ≠ Germany
} (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by
Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes
} Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic).
Who? } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} Vikings were not Celtic. } From modern Scandinavian countries } Germanic tribes, but would not consider themselves having
anything in common. “Germanic” a term later applied.
Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic tribes ≠ Germany } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} “France”
Rome’s view of “Gaul” (green) (term created by the Romans to compartmentalize many groups into one)
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Gaul
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Vatigan Vergil, The Death of Laocoon, late 4th, early 5th century CE
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End of Roman Empire } Collapsed in 476 CE } Dislocation and uncertainty } Cities degenerated and became villages
} General population illiterate, impoverished, superstitious } Barbarian and Roman influences combine
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Medieval Era } 5th – 15th century
} MIDDLE between the fall of Rome and the start of the Renaissance
Scriptorium
Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc.
Letter Styles } Uncials
} Semi-Uncials
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
*approximate spread of the Celtic people, multiple tribes *approximate location of Celtic Britain
Gaul
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Celtic Design
} Abstract } Extremely
Complex } Bright, pure
colors used in close juxtaposition
http://www.morghande.com/
Celtic Design
} Abstract } Extremely
Complex } Bright, pure
colors used in close juxtaposition
Celtic Design
} Abstract } Extremely
Complex } Bright, pure
colors used in close juxtaposition
http://thecrookedpath.net/images/Celtic%20fairy%20knotwork%20earrings.jpg
Celtic Design
} Abstract } Extremely
Complex } Bright, pure
colors used in close juxtaposition
} Pagan style added to imported Christianity
Book of Durrow 680 CE
Lindisfarne Gospels Before 698 CE
Book of Kells c. 800 CE Ornament
Book of Durrow, 680 CE Lindisfarne Gospels, 698 CE
Ornament Ornate Initials
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Lindisfarne Gospels, 698 CE
Ornament Ornate Initials Carpet Pages
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
Ornament Ornate Initials Carpet Pages Interlace
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
Ornament Ornate Initials Carpet Pages Interlace Dimuendo
Lindisfarne Gospels, Chi Rho page, 698 CE
Chi-Rho page “XPI autem generatio . . .” Christ’s name in Greek
Book of Kells, c. 800 AD, Chi-Rho page Book of Kells, c. 800 CE, Chi Rho page
Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE
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4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Book of Kells, c. 800 CE, The Gospels
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man (with angel)
} MARK } Lion (with man)
} LUKE } Ox (with man)
} JOHN } Eagle (with man)
Lindisfarne Gospels, before 698 CE
Design Innovations from Celts Design Innovations from Celts } Leaving space between words to enable reader to
separate string of letters into words more quickly } Insular Script
Letter Styles
} Insular Script
Book of Kells, c. 800 CE
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design
Holy Roman Empire Caroline Graphic Renewal
• (present day) Spain
• Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
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Holy Roman Empire } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on
Christmas Day 800 CE } Charles the Great = Carolus (or Karolus) Magnus } >> “Carolingian”, “Caroline”
Holy Roman Empire } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on
Christmas Day 800 CE } All of central Europe under one ruler } Attempted to recapture grandeur and unity of the Roman
Empire in a Germanic and Christian fellowship } Introduced Feudal System
} Landowning noblemen held dictatorial power over peasants who worked in their fields
} An effort to bring order to chaotic medieval society } Fostered revival of learning and the arts
} Aachen
Coronation Gospels, late 8th century CE
REFORM
} Page Layout } Decoration } Paragraph
Structure } Punctuation
} Writing Style
Caroline Miniscule
Letter Styles
} Semi-Uncials
} Caroline Miniscule
Coronation Gospels, late 8th century CE
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Coronation Gospels, late 8th century CE
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
http://www.visit-medieval-spain.com/timeline.html
+ Celtic tribes that existed in present-day Spain After the Visigoths sacked Rome (378), they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Spain and Portugal, where they founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_aemt/resources/images/chapter_maps/wh16_crusades.jpg
http://www.visit-medieval-spain.com/timeline.html
mid-1400s – invention of printing press, also Protestant Reformation northern Europe mid-1400s – Ottomans take Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey, former capital of Eastern Roman Empire)
The interior side view of the main dome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey.
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http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/history/moorish-spain/
Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color
Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE
Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color Intricate geometry
Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, 1047 CE
Moorish Influences Flat shapes of intense color Intricate geometry Ghastly creatures from pagan tradition of totem-like animals
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Romanesque Period } 1000-1150 CE } CRUSADES
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_aemt/resources/images/chapter_maps/wh16_crusades.jpg
Romanesque Period } 1000-1150 CE } CRUSADES Meanwhile, in Christian “Europe”.. } Stronger Feudalism
} Economic prosperity } Relatively stable political conditions
} Monasticism reached its peak } Monasteries established throughout Europe } Great increase in church-building } Rise of priests and monks } Growing crowds of pilgrims
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Romanesque Period } 1000-1150 CE
} Pilgrimage routes = exchange of ideas/styles } Universal design characteristics seemed possible
Gothic Period } 1150 to Renaissance of 14th century } Feudalism controlled } Towns and villages into cities } Agriculture began to be replaced by international trade } Money replaced land as primary measure of wealth } Monarchies of France and England each developed } MORE STABILITY } Rise of universities
} Need for books } Literacy on the rise
Douce Apocalypse, c. 1265 CE
Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design
Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s
Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design Representation of deep space less important Figures placed against gold leaf or textured backgrounds
Douce Apocalypse, c. 1265
} Textura
} Textura = Blackletter } As a font, this can also be called Old-Fashioned, Old English,
Gothic, etc.
Gutenberg Bible, 1450s, printing press imitating Textura/Blackletter of illuminated manuscripts Calligraphy today Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s,
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Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods THE BLACK DEATH
Later Illuminated Manuscripts
The Black Death } Bubonic Plague } 25 million people died (1/3 of “Europe’s” population)
in just under 5 years between 1347 and 1352.
} Helped to remove Feudalism } Something resembling a “middle class” emerged
Plague Doctor
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Book of Hours, Duc de Berry (Limbourg Brothers), 1413-16
Book of Hours Visual Organization Abstraction to Realism Illustrations dominated