Arusha | Jun-14 | Heather Cruickshank, Sustainable Implementation

transcript

Cambridge University Engineering Department Centre for Sustainable Development

Heather Cruickshank hjc34@cam.ac.uk

Smart Villages Workshop Arusha, Tanzania 2nd – 5th June 2014

Dr Heather J Cruickshank

hjc34@cam.ac.uk

my background

• Chartered Civil Engineer

• Infrastructure in UK

• International Development

• Emergency Humanitarian Response

• Centre for Sustainable Development est. 2000

• Undergraduate teaching

• MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Development

• PhD supervision

• Research

• Engineers Without Borders UK Trustee

• Research and Education

SUSTAINABLE

IMPLEMENTATION

sustainable development considerations

longer geographical

and temporal

scales

context specific

challenges and aims

complex system and wider impacts

Development

“...intervention aimed at external goals in a context of value-

based conflict”

intervention

influencing social processes rather than using

resources to meet goals directly

external social goals

actions directed outside an organisation. People

not profit.

value-based conflict

not everyone agrees over social goals, what they

are and how to achieve them Thomas 1996

Development involves...

• Responding to tensions, conflicts and negotiations

• Acting as AGENTS OF CHANGE influencing social change

• Dealing with PEOPLE, VALUES, POWER, POLITICS at a

micro level

• Emphasis on social goals and value-based conflicts leading

to dynamic development where marginalized groups may

influence structure

Philanthropy?

• Development should be focussed on outcomes

• The impulse of philanthropy leaves the recipient with no

rights, they can only receive

• Humanitarianism is more of a contract and relationship

between giver and recipient

• Metaphors of ‘repair’ after disasters etc.

• Need to consider unintended consequences of development

• Obligation based intervention

Erica Bornstein 2008

Value types

Functional value

Social significance value

Epistemic value

Emotional value

Cultural value Stephi Hirmer PhD 2014

Appropriate technology?

Systems

independence

Image of

modernity

Individual

technology

versus collective

technology

Cost of

technology Risk factor

Evolutionary

capacity of

technology

Single-purpose

versus multi-

purpose

technology

Wicklein, Robert C. (1998)

Maintenance

ongoing finance

for fuel,

insurance,

servicing

worthiness

standards

a reliable

mechanic

petrol

stations and

road network

In short, we need, the private

sector, the public sector, and

sufficient money

initial

capital

investment

Development Policy

Process affected by a multiplicity of interests among

state and non-state actors

Who does what for/with whom?

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS Resource mobilisation

COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS Mechanisms for exchange

INCENTIVES

VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS Mobilise social energy

VALUES

Self Reliance?

Juvenile

Adolescent

Development Management

Development interventions are characterized by

‘unacknowledged assumptions and unanticipated outcomes’

conflicting goals and ‘diverse development agencies’ Kabeer 1994

‘Management’ is not a single-minded entity. Awareness of

discourses is useful. Actors attribute SUBJECTIVE

meanings to their situations. Degeling and Colebatch 1984

Project Stages

Needs assessment

Formulation / appraisal

Implementation

Operation

Evaluation and monitoring

Project Cycle

Needs assessment

Formulation / appraisal

Implementation

Operation

Evaluation and monitoring

Project Evolution

• Gradual, long and uneven process

• Individual ACTIVITIES may be clear but not the overall AIM

• Project or programme should be sufficiently flexible to

respond to changing circumstances

• Objectives of individual organizations may not necessarily

coincide with those of the intervention or target group

Organisational Issues

1. Commitment from local community to participate

fully is essential

2. Before the scheme begins consideration must be

given to :

Final ownership

Management of day to operations, however small

Method of payment for any repairs and maintenance

Possibility of future extensions (to neighbouring

communities)

A spiral of unsustainable dependence

Unsuitable tariff

Further unwillingness to

pay for poor service

Long down-time

Unaffordable repairs needed

Inability or unwillingness to pay

Back to the start and wait for the next

donor ...

combined with

leading to resulting in

leading to

Needs Assessment

Intervention as a process means consensus building and priority on

coherence requiring open consultation between:

Principals (owners / sponsors)

Beneficiaries (target groups)

Supporters

Opponents

NEEDS vs DESIRES?

Factors That Limit Participation

Knowledge

Time and Money

Culture

Community Based Development

Community Participation Increases

Community Based Development

Community Driven Development

Information

Sharing

Consultation

Collaboration

Community

Empowerment

Values

Functional value

Economy

Purchase Economy Installation price

Per unit price

Use economy Operational benefit

Financial benefit

Quality & Performance

Reliability

Durability

Effectiveness

Convenience

Time Time management

Time benefit

Flexibility Power output

Timing Accessibility

Physical compatibility

Aesthetics

Appropriateness

Ease of use Personal interaction

Human energy/ effort

Service/service support Training

Maintenance

Social significance

Identity Group belonging

Prestige

Status Leadership

Role fulfilling

Epistemic value

Knowledge Access to knowledge

Acquired knowledge Novelty

Curiosity

Emotional value

Association

Fun Family

Group Memorability

Safety

Cultural value Tradition

Spirituality Sacredness

Magic Religion

Stephi Hirmer PhD 2014

Key Policy Questions

what are we measuring

philosophy

Key Policy Questions

what are we measuring?

OUTPUTS or

OUTCOMES

evidence

inputs outcomes impacts

short-term medium-term long-term

activities outputs

immediate

Implementation measurement

Results measurement

False Positive Feedback

Misreporting Selected

Perception

Methods

which Mislead

Diplomatic

Prudence

Defences

against

Dissonance

Chambers1992

EVIDENCE Empirical Validation of Impacts Developed from

Existing Networks Assessing Clean Energy

philosophy

objective is not to provide definitive

answers but to develop the skills

and knowledge necessary to

ask better

questions

Guiding Principles

Identify functional

requirements

Encourage participatory

development

Value indigenous

knowledge

Promote local

innovation

Strive for

sustainability

Thank you

Dr Heather J Cruickshank

Centre for Sustainable Development

Department of Engineering

University of Cambridge

hjc34@cam.ac.uk