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transcript
Chapter 5: Learning
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Learning: Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience– Distinguishes between
changes due to maturation and changes brought about by experience
– Distinguishes between short-term changes in performance and actual learning
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Classical Conditioning
Type of learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that, before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest
A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned
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Classical Conditioning
A natural, innate response that is not associated with previous learning
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Classical Conditioning
A NS that has been paired with a UCS to bring about a response formerly caused only by the UCS
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
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Before Conditioning
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During Conditioning
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After Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
Extinction– Occurs when a previously
conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Spontaneous recovery– The re-emergence of an
extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
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Classical Conditioning
Stimulus generalization– Occurs when a conditioned
response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination– Ability to differentiate
between stimuli
Conditioned Stimulus
New Stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning– Learning in which a
voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
Law of effect– Responses that lead to
satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement– The process by which a
stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer– Any stimulus that increases
the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
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Operant Conditioning
Primary reinforcer– Satisfies some biological
need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience
Secondary reinforcer– A stimulus that becomes
reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment
Positive Reinforcement– A stimulus added to the
environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative reinforcement– Unpleasant stimulus
whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future
– Escape conditioning– Avoidance
conditioning
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Punishment
Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again– Positive punishment
weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
– Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement– Behavior that is reinforced
every time it occurs Partial reinforcement
– Behavior that is reinforced some but not all of the time
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule– Reinforcement is given only
after a certain number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule– Reinforcement occurs after
a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-interval schedule– Provides reinforcement for a
response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of response are relatively low
Variable-interval schedule– Time between
reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
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Operant Conditioning
Stimulus Control Training– Behavior is reinforced in the
presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence
Discriminative stimulus– Signals the likelihood that
reinforcement will follow the response
Stimulus generalization
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Superstitious behavior Shaping
– Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Biological constraints– Built-in limitations in the
ability of animals to learn particular behaviors
Operant Conditioning
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Cognitive-Social Approaches to Learning
Latent learning– A new behavior is learned
but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it
Observational learning– Learning through observing
the behavior of another person called a model