ASEXUAL AND SEXUALREPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• PRODUCTION OF ONE OFFSPRING(CELL) FROM 1 PARENT(CELL)

• NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL-NO RECOMBINATION OF DNA(RNA)

• ALL OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO PARENT(CELL), ASSUMING NO MUTATIONS ALL OFFSPRING ARE CLONES

POSITIVES• NO NEED TO USE ENERGY

TO FIND A MATE• TAKES LESS TIME• RELIABLE, FEWER STEPS• ALL ORGANISMS RETAIN ALL

QUALITIES• BETTER CHANCE OF

SURVIVAL, EFFICIENT USE OF AVALIBLE RESOURSES

NEGATIVES• IF MUTATION OCCURS

EFFECTS ALL FUTURE ORGANISMS

• NO DIVERSITY, WHAT EFFECTS ONE EFFECTS ALL

PROKARYOTES

Process of BINARY FISSION- “one cell into two”

EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR

• Most protists and fungi like yeast.• PROCESS OF MITOSIS: division of nucleus

then CYTOKENESIS: division of cell

EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARANIMALS

REGENERATION: REPLACEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF AN ORGANISM

BUDDING: GROWTH OF NEW ORGANISM OFF OF ANOTHER

PARTHENOGENESIS

• PRODUCING AN OFFSPRING BY FEMALES WITHOUT FERTILIZATION FROM A MALE• ALL OFFSPRING ARE FEMALE

• OCCURS NATURALLY IN SPECIES OF WORMS, INSECTS AND REPTILES

EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR PLANTS

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: PRODUCING A NEW PLANT FROM AN EXISTING PLANT OR PART OF A PLANT GRAFTS

GRAFTSRR

RUNNERS CUTTINGS BUDDING

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION• PRODUCTION OF AN OFFSPRING THROUGH

FORMATION OF GAMETES(SEX CELLS) BY MEIOSIS

• INVOLVES THE UNION OF GAMETES AND RECOMBINING OF DNA FROM TWO PARENTS

• RESULTS IN GENETICALLY UNIQUE OFFSPRING

5

POSITIVES• EACH OFFSPRING UNIQUE

• ALLOWS FOR MORE VARIATION W/IN SPECIES

• IF MUTATIONS OCCUR LESS LIKELY TO AFFECT ORGANISM NEGATIVELY

NEGATIVES• FIND A MATE

• TAKES MORE TIME TO DEVELOP OFFSPRING

• FEWER OFFSPRING

EXAMPLESCONJUGATION

Temporary union of two single cells with at least one of them receiving genetic material from the other.

SIMPLEST FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Protista: paramecia Fungi: molds

(+) OR (-) GAMETESIN FUNGI, LIKE MUSHROOMS, GAMETES ARE IDENTIFIED AS PLUS(+) OR MINUS(-) WHEN

MALE/FEMALE CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED.

DISTINCTION OF SEXESGAMETES ARE IDENTIFIED AS DISTICTLY MALE OR FEMALE

(Due to presence of separate sex chromosome, X/Y)

HERMAPHRODITIC ORGANISMSMALE/FEMALE GAMETES PRODUCED WITHIN SAME

ORGANISM FLOWER PINE EARTHWORMS

DIFFERENTIATION OF SEXESGAMETES ARE PRODUCED IN SEPARATE ORGANISMS

Most advanced form of sexual reproduction

MALE FEMALESPERMATOZOA OVA