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K L UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR
B.Tech. II year 2nd
Semester
Academic Year: 2011-12COURSE HANDOUT
Date: 13-DEC-2011
Course Name : APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS(MEC209)
Course Coordinator : K.Venkateswarlu
Course Detail : THEORY
Lecture Hours : 60
Team of Instructors : Dr. K.Ramakrishna, K.Venkateswarlu, G.L. Narayana,
L. Kiran Kumar
I. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE:Mechanical engineers apply principles of physical science and mathematics to conceive, design,
produce and operate the moving parts, components and machinery used in every aspect of modern life
From rockets, robots and automobiles to power plants, engines, air-conditioning equipment and
biomechanical parts, mechanical engineers put energy and machines to work, and wherever there is
motion, youll find evidence of their innovations. Today, they often use computer-aided design and
computer simulation to ensure their products are reliable, efficient and economically sound. The
spectrum of professional activity for the mechanical engineer runs from research through design and
development to manufacturing and sales.
II. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESUpon completion of the mechanical engineering program our mechanical engineering students:
(A)Will possess a sound knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of mechanical engineering
in the general streams of Design, Production, Thermal and Industrial Engineering, necessary to be
productive engineers in industry or government, and/or succeed in graduate or other professional
schools.
(B)Will be able to formulate, analyze, and creatively solve multidisciplinary technical problems
through the use of modern engineering tools, be they experimental, analytical or numerical.
(C)Will develop and use lifelong learning skills to take advantage of professional development
opportunities in their disciplines, develop new knowledge and skills, pursue new areas of expertise
or careers, adapt to changing global markets and workforce trends.
(D)Will be able to communicate clearly and effectively with fellow engineers, employers, and the
general public.
(E)Will possess the skills needed to fulfill their professional duties and responsibilities in teamwork,
collegiality, ethics, technical leadership, business acumen and lifelong learning.
L-T-P
3-0-2
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(F)Will understand the economical, societal and environmental impact and ethical and professional
responsibilities of a mechanical engineer and Graduates will engage in professional service by
using their engineering background to advance society and to help solve technical and societal
problems.
(G)Can succeed as entrepreneurs.
III. PROGRAM OUTCOMESUpon completion of the mechanical engineering program, our mechanical engineering students
will demonstrate the ability to:
(A)Apply mathematics, engineering and science fundamentals to formulate and solve a wide
variety of real world problems related to mechanical engineering.
(B)Design and/or analyze mechanical systems by integrating knowledge in the four general streams of
engineering viz. design, production, thermal and industrial engineering.
(C)Use modern engineering tools, including computer visualization, programming and design/analysis
software.
(D)Conceive, plan and safely execute a series of laboratory experiments to obtain design data.
(E)Given a set of experimental data, students will demonstrate the ability to calculate and assign
appropriate limits of error to the data.
(F)Function individually and as contributing members of interdisciplinary design and problem-
solving teams.
(G)Disseminate information related to themselves and their work in oral presentations, written reports
and Web-based multimedia formats.
(H)Maintain and improve their skills through self-study and professional development activities.
(I) Understand basic business principles, key ethics issues affecting their profession, and an awareness
of important contemporary issues affecting mechanical engineering practice.
(J) Devise creative solutions to problems and design exercises and consistently show the ability to
Think outside of the box
(K)Demonstrate service to campus & community and responsibility to self, profession and society.
IV. MAPPING OF PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES:Program Outcomes
A B C D E F G H I J KProgram Educational
Objectives
A X X - X - - X - X X X
B X X X X - - - - X X -
C - - X X - - X X - - X
D - - - - X X - - - - -
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E X X - - X - X X - - X
F - X X - - X - X X X -
G - - - - - X X X X X X
V. COURSE DESCRIPTION:Applied Thermodynamics is a branch of Thermal Engineering which deals with the applications of
Thermal Engineering viz. Steam Boilers, Steam Nozzles, Steam turbines, Steam Condensers
Refrigeration etc. The Student can get elaborative knowledge while learning this course.
VI. COURSE OBJECTIVES:The scope of this course is to provide in-depth knowledge about various applications of Thermal
Engineering.
The objective of the course is to give knowledge about the various types Vapor power Cycles, Pure
Substances, Various types of Steam boilers, Steam nozzles, Steam Condensers, Steam turbines, Various
types of refrigeration Cycles as well as Refrigeration Systems.
VII. COURSE OUTCOMES:At the end of the course the student will be able to do the following. :
1. Will demonstrate the ability to perform power cycle analysis using various working fluids.
2. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of refrigeration and heat pump cycles using
various working fluids.
3. Will demonstrate an understanding of the construction of thermodynamic property tables and
the capability to determine changes in enthalpy, entropy and internal energy using a suitable
equation of state.
4. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of thermodynamic systems and cycles and to
perform appropriate calculations where ideal gas mixtures are the working fluid.
5. Demonstrate the ability to apply psychrometrics to analysis of heating, drying and air
conditioning systems.
6. Will demonstrate the ability apply the first and second laws to combustion processes.
7. Will demonstrate the ability to perform thermodynamic analysis of realistic
problems using computer software Explain the laws, symbols and vocabulary of thermodynamics
8. Use a problem solving procedure to process a preliminary statement of a problem
into a final numeric solution for thermal power systems using the laws of thermodynamics
9. Use traditional and computerized steam tables and ideal gas laws to successfully solve
thermodynamic power plant problems
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10. Use Calculus in solving thermodynamic problems and s will be able to analyze a vapor power
cycle given a set of operational parameters and constraints, determine cycle efficiency, its power
output, and required heat input.
11. Will be able to make modifications to improve the overall cycle efficiency for the steam power
cycle.
12. Will be able to analyze and optimize a vapor refrigeration system given the requirements and
constraints of a refrigeration system.
13. Will be able to understand the second law limitation of thermodynamic efficiencies and will be
able to sort out realistic and unrealistic thermodynamic system claims.
14. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for
a spark-ignition IC engine with a given set of operating parameters.
15. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for
a diesel engine with a given set of operating parameters.
16. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output, and required heat input
for a gas turbine cycle, and determine thrust of a turbojet, for a given set of operating parameters.
VIII. RECOMMENDED BOOKS:TEXT BOOKS:
1. Applied Thermodynamics- T.D.Estop-6e-Longman scientific & Technical & John Wiley, NewYork.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Thermodynamics, by Cengel&Boles
2. Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag, TMH, New Delhi
3. Applied Thermodynamics by R.Yadav-CBH, Allahabad
4. Power Plant Engineering (Steam & Nuclear)P.K.Nag, TMH.
Note: use of steam tables and R&AC tables is permitted in university examinations.
.
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IX. .SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
PURE SUBSTANCE: Pure substance vapour-liquid-solid phase equilibrium in a pure substance
independent properties of a pure substance. Equations of state for vapour phase of a simple
compressible substance. Tables of thermodynamic properties.
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES: Rankine cycle, Effect of pressure and temperature on the Rankine
cycle, reheat cycle, regenerative cycle, practical regenerative system, Binary vapour cycle.
UNIT-II
STEAM BOILERS: Function, classification, working of Cochran boiler and Babcock and Wilcox
boiler, Mountings & Accessories, Boiler Horse power, equivalent rate of evaporation, efficiency and
heat balance. Draught, Height of chimney, condition for maximum discharge, efficiency of chimney,
types of draught
UNIT-III
STEAM NOZZLES: Types of nozzles, isentropic flow through nozzles, effect of friction, nozzle
efficiency, critical pressure ratio and maximum discharge, calculation of throat and exit areas using
Mollier diagram.
STEAM CONDENSERS: Jet and surface condensers, condenser vacuum and vacuum efficiency,
condenser efficiency, thermodynamic analysis, air pumps, capacity of air extraction pumps.
UNIT-IV
STEAM TURBINES: Types of steam turbines, Impluse turbines, pressure and velocity
compounding, velocity diagrams, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage efficiency, Reaction
turbines, velocity diagrams, degree of reaction, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage
efficiency, Governing of turbines, overall efficiency and reheat factor.
UNIT-V
REFRIGERATION: Need for refrigeration, definitions, Methods of refrigeration, working of
refrigerator & heat pump, Reversed carnot and bell-coleman cycles, refrigerating effect, COP, vapour
compression refrigeration system, influence of various parameters on cycle performance, vapour
absorption refrigeration cycle.
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XI.UNIT WISE RATIONALIZATION:
UNIT-I
PURE SUBSTANCE:
Introduce the concept of a pure substance
Illustrate the P-v, T-v, and P-T property diagrams and P-v-T surfaces of pure substances.
Discuss the physics of phase-change processes.
Demonstrate the procedures for determining thermodynamic properties of pure substances from
tables of property data
Describe the hypothetical substance "ideal gas" and the ideal-gas equation of state.
Apply the ideal-gas equation of state in the solution of typical problems
Introduce the compressibility factor, which accounts for the deviation of real gases from ideal-gas
behavior, and to illustrate its use.
Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant pressure
Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
Describe the incompressible substance such as solids and liquids and how to determine the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy for these substances
VAPOUR POWER CYCLES:
Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid is alternately vaporized and condensed.
Analyze power generation coupled with process heating called cogeneration.
Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency
Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power cycles.
Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known as combined cycles
Introduce the concepts of binary cycles.
UNIT-II
STEAM BOILERS:
Learn to identify the different types of steam (and water) boilers;
Become familiar with the terms and general principles of the basic boiler;
Acquire basic information about boiler construction and components such as safety valves,
instrumentation, venting and pressure control devices;
Learn about feed water, steam and hot water components and understand how these interrelate;
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Understand various type of fuel and combustion equipment such as burners in gas fired and oil fired
applications;
Learn the theories behind combustion, water flow, heat transfer, and oxygen, water, and fuel reactions;
Understand the boiler design and sizing;
Gain knowledge about safe boiler practices;
Learn basic boiler performance testing methods and procedures; and
Be able to communicate effectively with boiler professionals and make better decisions affecting the
boiler and facility.
UNIT-III
STEAM CONDENSERS:
steam condenser in which the steam is condensed on tubes which are grouped together in separate nests
and through which cooling water flows, the tubes, arranged in rows, of a nest enclosing a hollow space, a
cooler for the non-condensable gases in arranged in the hollow space. Two nests are provided which are
at a distance from one another and to which steam is admitted over their entire periphery, the nest form,
irrespective of the external form of the condenser, being selected in such a way that first of all a
convergent flow channel --accelerating the steam--and then adjoining it a divergent retaining part --
deflecting the steam--are formed between the nests on the one side and also between one nest
STEAM NOZZLES:
UNIT-IV
STEAM TURBINES:
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts
it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater
thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is
particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in
the United States is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form ofheat engine that derives much
of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the
steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_%28thermodynamics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_%28thermodynamics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy8/2/2019 ATD {Course Hand Out}
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UNIT-V
REFRIGERATION:
Learn the process of Refrigeration and different processes of Refrigeration processes like
Vapor compression, Vapor absorption and steam jet Refrigeration.
Gain knowledge on Types of Refrigerants
Become familiar with Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes.
Determine the Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration system using P-H chart.
Learn how to improveCoefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes
IX. LESSON PLAN
U
NIT
SESSION
LEA
RNING
OBJE
CTIVE:
(ATTH
EENDOF
THESESSION
STU
DENT
SHO
ULD)
CON
TENT
METHO
DOLOGY
FAC
ULTY
APPROACH
STU
DENT
APPROACH
LEA
RNING
OUT
COME
I 1Introduction to
Pure substance
Pure substanceOral Facilitates
Listens and
participateUnderstan
I 2
Understand
Vapor-liquid-
solid phase
equilibrium in a
pure substance.
Vapor-liquid-solid
phase equilibrium
in a pure substance. Chalkand talk
Explanation Listen Remembe
I 3
Understand
Independent
properties of a
pure substance
Independent
properties of a pure
substance.Chalk
and talkExplanation
Listen andPractice
Understan
I 4
To learn
Equations of state
for vapour phase
of a simplecompressible
substance
Equations of state
for vapor phase of
a simple
compressiblesubstance.
Chalk
and talk ExplanationListen and
Practice
Understan
andAnalyze
I 5
To learn
thermodynamic
properties using
tables
Tables
thermodynamic
propertiesChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
Analyze
I 6To learn
thermodynamic
Tables of
thermodynamic
Chalk
and talk
Explanation ListenUnderstan
and
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properties using
tables
properties Analyze
I 7
Understand
Vapor power
Cycles
VAPOUR POWER
CYCLES: Rankine
cycle,
Chalkand talk
Explanation ObserveExplore thmechanis
I 8
To study Effect
of pressure andtemperature on
the Rankine
cycle,
Effect of pressure
and temperature onthe Rankine cycle, Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Explore th
mechanis
I 9
To study Reheat
cycle,
Reheat cycle,Chalk
and talkExplanation Observe Applicatio
I 10
To study
Regenerative
cycle,
Regenerative cycle,
Chalkand talk
ExplanationObserve andcomprehend
Applicatio
I 11
Understand
Practical
regenerative
system,.
Practical
regenerative
system,Chalk
and talkExplanation
Listens and
ParticipateUnderstan
I 12
Understand
Binary vapor
cycle
Binary vapor cycle
PPT ExplanationListen and
Practice
Remembe
and recal
II 13
UnderstandSTEAM
BOILERS
STEAMBOILERS:
Function,
classification,
Chalkand talk
ExplanationListen andPractice
Remembeand recal
II 14
To study
Working of
Cochran boiler,
types of draught
Working of
Cochran boiler,
types of draught PPT Explanation Listen Understan
II 15To studyBabcock and
Wilcox boiler,
Babcock andWilcox boiler,PPT Explanation Listen
Understanand
remembe
II 16
To study
Mountings &
Accessories
Mountings &
Accessories, Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understanand
remembe
II 17
Understand
Boiler Horse
power, equivalent
Boiler Horse
power, equivalent
rate of evaporation,
Chalkand talk
Explanation Observes
Understan
and
remembe
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rate of
evaporation,
efficiency
efficiency
II 18
To calculate Heat
balance.
Heat balance.
PPT Explanation Listen Evaluate
II 19
To calculate
Draught, Heightof chimney,
condition for
maximum
discharge,
efficiency of
chimney
Draught, Height of
chimney, conditionfor maximum
discharge,
efficiency of
chimney
PPT Explanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
II 20To study Types
of draught
Types of draughtPPT Explanation Listen
Evaluateand apply
II 21
To derive
discharge through
the chimney
Maximum
discharge through
the chimney
Chalkand talk
ExplanationListen andPractice
Evaluate
II 22
To derive the
Height of
chimney
Chimney Height
Chalkand talk
ExplanationListen andPractice
II 23
To evaluate
efficiency of
chimney
efficiency of
chimney Chalk
and talk Explanation
Listen and
Practice Evaluate
III 24
Understand
Steam nozzles
STEAM
NOZZLES: Types
of nozzles,
Chalkand talk
Explanation ListenEvaluateand apply
III 25
Understand
Isentropic flow
through nozzles,
effect of friction,
Isentropic flow
through nozzles,
effect of friction, PPT Explanation ObserveAnalyze
and apply
III 26
To calculate
Nozzle
efficiency,
critical pressure
ratio and
maximum
discharge,
Nozzle efficiency,
critical pressure
ratio and maximum
discharge, Chalk
and talkfacilitates Observe
Analyze
and apply
III 27Calculation of
throat and exit
Calculation of
throat and exit
PPT Explanation Observes Recall
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areas using
Mollier diagram
areas using Mollier
diagram
III 28
Problems with
Mollier diagramChalk
and talkfacilitates
Listen and
PracticeEvaluate
III 29
To study Steam
Condensers
STEAM
CONDENSERS:
Jet and surfacecondensers,
Chalk
and talk Explanation Listen
Understan
andremembe
III 30
Design of
Condenser
Condenser vacuumChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
andremembe
III 31
condenser
efficiencyChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
III 32vacuum efficiency
Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
III 33
To study
Thermodynamic
analysis of air
pumps
Thermodynamic
analysis of air
pumps,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
andremembe
III 34
Calculation of
Capacity of air
extraction pumps
Capacity of air
extraction pumps Chalkand talk
Explanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
III 35
Efficiency
calculations Chalkand talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
IV 36
To study Steam
turbines
STEAM
TURBINES:Types
of steam turbines,
Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understanand
remembe
IV 37
To study Impulse
turbines
Impulse turbines,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
IV 38
To study Pressure
and velocitycompounding
Pressure and
velocitycompounding,
Chalkand talk
Explanation Comprehend
Understan
and
remembe
IV 39
Understand
Velocity
diagrams, work
output
Velocity diagrams,
work output,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understanand
remembe
IV 40
To calculate
Power blade
efficiency and
Power, blade
efficiency andChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understanand
remembe
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stage efficiency, stage efficiency,
IV 41
To study
Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
and
remembe
IV 42
To understand
Velocity
diagrams
Velocity diagrams,
Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Understan
andremembe
IV 43
To understand
Degree of
reaction, work
output
Degree of reaction,
work output,
PPT Explanation ListenRemembeand pertai
IV 44
To calculate
Power, blade
efficiency and
stage efficiency
Power, blade
efficiency and
stage efficiency,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Remembe
and apply
IV 45
To study
Governing of
turbines,
Governing of
turbines, Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen
retain
informatio
and apply
IV 46
To study overall
efficiency
overall efficiencyChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Remembe
and apply
IV 47
To study reheat
factor
reheat factorChalk
and talkExplanation Listen
Remembe
and apply
IV 48
To evaluate
various
efficiencies
Determination of
turbine efficiencies Chalkand talk
Explanation ListenRemembeand apply
V 49
To study
Refrigeration
REFRIGERATIO
N: Need for
refrigeration,
definitions,
Chalkand talk
Explanation ObserveApply anevaluate
V 50
To study
Methods of
refrigeration
Methods of
refrigeration, Chalk
and talk Explanation Listen
Understan
remembe
andcomprehen
V 51
To understand
Working of
refrigerator &
heat pump
Working of
refrigerator & heat
pump,Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen Synthesi
V 52
To study
Reversed Carnot
and Bell-
Reversed carnot
and bell-Coleman
cycles,
Chalk
and talkExplanation Listen understan
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Coleman cycles
V 53
To calculate
Refrigerating
effect, COP
Refrigerating
effect, COP. Chalk
and talkExplanation listen Understan
V 54
To understand
Vapor
compressionrefrigeration
system
Vapor compression
refrigeration
system, Chalkand talk
Explanation listen
Understan
remembeand
comprehen
V 55
To understand
Influence of
various
parameters on
cycle
performance,
Influence of
various parameters
on cycle
performance,Chalk
and talkExplanation listen
Understanremembe
and
comprehen
V 56
Vapor absorption
refrigeration
cycle
Vapor Absorption
refrigeration cyclePPT Explanation Listen
Remembeand apply
V 57
To understand
Influence of
various
parameters
Various parameters
on cycle
performanceChalk
and talkExplanation listen
Remembe
and apply
V 58
To differentiate
between
refrigeration
systems
Comparison of
refrigeration
systemsChalk
and talkExplanation listen
Remembeand apply
V 59
Evaluation of
refrigeration
systems
Estimation of COP
of Vapor
compression
system
Chalkand talk
Explanation Listen
Understan
andremembe
V 60
Evaluation of
refrigerationsystems
Estimation of COP
of VaporAbsorption system
Chalkand talk
Explanation ListenUnderstan
and
remembe
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X. SELF LEARNING TOPICS:1. Vapour power Cycles:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle
2. Steam Boilers:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
3 .Steam Nozzles: http://www.ultimatewasher.com/steam-guns-nozzles.htm
4. Steam Condensors: http://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdf
5. Steam turbines:http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Steam+turbines&oe=utf-8&rls=org.
6. Vapour Compression refrigeration:
http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Vapour+Compression+refrigeration&oe=utf-8&rls=org. 7. Vapor
absorption refrigeration:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator EVALUATION SCHEME:
EC No. COMPONENT DURATION(minutes)
MARKS
Date & Time
1 QUIZI 50 20
2 TESTI 50 20
3 TEST - II 50 20
4 QUIZ - II 50 20
5 ASSIGNMENT 60 10
6 COMPREHENSIVEEXAMINATION
180 100
7 ATTENDANCE -- 10
TOTAL-- 200
XI. CHAMBER CONSULTING HOURS: : Informed in the class by the respective instructors.XII. NOTICES: All notices/circulars regarding course matters will be displayed in the notice board and also will
be placed in the web.
COURSE CO ORDINATOR H.O.D. DEAN ACADEMICS
TEAM OF INSTRUCTORS: 1.
2.
3.
http://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdfhttp://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdf