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v e r s i o n 2.8.0
AT280_TRG_E0
AtollRF Planning & Optimisation Software
Technical Reference Guide
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Technical Reference Guide
Forsk 2009 AT280_TRG_E0 iii
Contact Information
Atoll 2.8.0 Technical Reference Guide Release AT280_TRG_E0
Copyright 1997 - 2009 by Forsk
The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used/copied
under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of this document may be copied, reproduced or
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The product or brand names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
registering parties.
About Technical Reference Guide
This document is targeted at readers with a prior knowledge of Atoll, its operation and basic functioning. It is not the User
Manual for Atoll, and does not teach how to operate and use Atoll. It is a supplementary document containing detailed
descriptions of models, algorithms and concepts adopted in Atoll. Therefore, it concerns only the appropriate personnel.
Atoll Technical Reference Guide is divided into three parts with each part comprising similar topics. The first part contains
descriptions of general terms, entities, ideas and concepts in Atoll that are encountered throughout its use. It is followed
by the second part that consists of descriptions of entities common to all types of networks and the algorithms that are
technology independent and are available in any network type. Lastly, the guide provides detailed descriptions of each
basic type of network that can be modelled and studied in Atoll.
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
1 Coordinate Systems and Units ....................................................... 271.1 Coordinate Systems............................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.1 Description of Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................. 27
1.1.1.1 Geographic Coordinate System.................................................................................................. 27
1.1.1.2 Datum ......................................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.1.3 Meridian ...................................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.1.4 Ellipsoid ...................................................................................................................................... 27
1.1.1.5 Projection.................................................................................................................................... 28
1.1.1.6 Projection Coordinate System .................................................................................................... 28
1.1.2 Coordinate Systems in Atoll ............................................................................................................. 28
1.1.2.1 Projection Coordinate System .................................................................................................... 28
1.1.2.2 Display Coordinate System ........................................................................................................ 28
1.1.2.3 Internal Coordinate Systems ...................................................................................................... 28
1.1.3 File Formats ..................................................................................................................................... 29
1.1.3.1 Unit Codes .................................................................................................................................. 291.1.3.2 Datum Codes.............................................................................................................................. 30
1.1.3.3 Projection Method Codes ........................................................................................................... 31
1.1.3.4 Ellipsoid Codes ........................................................................................................................... 31
1.1.3.5 Projection Parameter Indices...................................................................................................... 32
1.1.4 Creating a Coordinate System ......................................................................................................... 32
1.2 Units ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
1.2.1 Power Units ...................................................................................................................................... 32
1.2.2 Length Units ..................................................................................................................................... 33
1.3 BSIC Format .......................................................................................................................................... 33
2 Geographic and Radio Data ........................................................... 372.1 Geographic Data .................................................................................................................................... 37
2.1.1 Data Type ......................................................................................................................................... 37
2.1.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ....................................................................................................... 37
2.1.1.2 Clutter (Land Use) ...................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.2.1 Clutter Classes...................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.2.2 Clutter Heights ...................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.3 Traffic Data ................................................................................................................................. 38
2.1.1.3.1 Environment Traffic Maps ..................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.3.2 User Profile Traffic Maps....................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.3.3 Live Traffic Maps................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.3.4 User Density Traffic Maps..................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1.4 Vector Data................................................................................................................................. 39
2.1.1.5 Scanned Images......................................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1.6 Population................................................................................................................................... 39
2.1.1.7 Other Geographic Data............................................................................................................... 39
2.1.2 Supported Geographic Data Formats .............................................................................................. 392.2 Radio Data ............................................................................................................................................. 40
2.2.1 Site ................................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.2 Antenna ............................................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.3 Transmitter ....................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.4 Repeater ........................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.5 Remote Antenna .............................................................................................................................. 41
2.2.6 Station .............................................................................................................................................. 41
2.2.7 Hexagonal Design ............................................................................................................................ 41
2.2.8 GSM GPRS EGPRS Documents ..................................................................................................... 41
2.2.8.1 TRX............................................................................................................................................. 41
2.2.8.2 Subcell ........................................................................................................................................ 41
2.2.8.3 Cell Type..................................................................................................................................... 41
2.2.9 All CDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents ......................................................................................... 41
2.2.9.1 Cell.............................................................................................................................................. 41
3 File Formats .................................................................................... 453.1 BIL Format ............................................................................................................................................. 45
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3.1.1 HDR Header File...............................................................................................................................45
3.1.1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................45
3.1.1.2 Samples ......................................................................................................................................46
3.1.1.2.1 Digital Terrain Model..............................................................................................................46
3.1.1.2.2 Clutter Classes File................................................................................................................46
3.1.1.2.3 BIL File...................................................................................................................................46
3.2 TIF Format ..............................................................................................................................................47
3.2.1 TFW Header File...............................................................................................................................47
3.2.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................48
3.2.2.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................483.3 BMP Format............................................................................................................................................48
3.3.1 BMP File Description.........................................................................................................................48
3.3.1.1 BMP File Structure ......................................................................................................................48
3.3.1.2 BMP Raster Data Encoding ........................................................................................................50
3.3.1.2.1 Raster Data Compression Descriptions.................................................................................50
3.3.2 BPW/BMW Header File Description..................................................................................................51
3.3.3 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................51
3.3.3.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................51
3.4 Generic Raster Header File (.wld) ..........................................................................................................51
3.4.1 WLD File Description ........................................................................................................................51
3.4.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................51
3.4.2.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................51
3.5 DXF Format ............................................................................................................................................52
3.6 SHP Format ............................................................................................................................................523.7 MIF Format .............................................................................................................................................52
3.8 TAB Format ............................................................................................................................................52
3.9 ECW Format ...........................................................................................................................................53
3.10 Erdas Imagine Format ............................................................................................................................53
3.11 Planet EV/Vertical Mapper Geographic Data Format .............................................................................53
3.12 ArcView Grid Format ..............................................................................................................................54
3.12.1 ArcView Grid File Description ...........................................................................................................54
3.12.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................54
3.13 Other Supported Geographic Data File Formats ....................................................................................54
3.14 Planet Format .........................................................................................................................................54
3.14.1 DTM File............................................................................................................................................55
3.14.1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................55
3.14.1.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................553.14.2 Clutter Class Files .............................................................................................................................55
3.14.2.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................55
3.14.2.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................56
3.14.3 Vector Files .......................................................................................................................................56
3.14.3.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................56
3.14.3.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................57
3.14.4 Image Files........................................................................................................................................57
3.14.5 Text Data Files ..................................................................................................................................57
3.15 MNU Format ...........................................................................................................................................58
3.15.1 Description ........................................................................................................................................58
3.15.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................58
3.16 XML Table Export/Import Format ...........................................................................................................58
3.16.1 Index.xml File ....................................................................................................................................58
3.16.2 XML File ............................................................................................................................................593.17 Externalised Propagation Results Format ..............................................................................................60
3.17.1 DBF File ............................................................................................................................................60
3.17.1.1 DBF File Format ..........................................................................................................................60
3.17.1.1.1 DBF Structure ........................................................................................................................60
3.17.1.1.2 DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count) ........................................................60
3.17.1.1.3 Each DBF Record (Fixed Length)..........................................................................................62
3.17.1.2 DBF File Content .........................................................................................................................62
3.17.2 LOS File ............................................................................................................................................63
3.18 Externalised Tuning Files .......................................................................................................................63
3.18.1 DBF File ............................................................................................................................................63
3.18.1.1 DBF File Format ..........................................................................................................................63
3.18.1.1.1 DBF Structure ........................................................................................................................64
3.18.1.1.2 DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count) ........................................................643.18.1.1.3 Each DBF Record (Fixed Length)..........................................................................................65
3.18.1.2 DBF File Content .........................................................................................................................65
3.18.2 PTS File ............................................................................................................................................66
3.19 Interference Histograms File Formats ....................................................................................................66
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3.19.1 One Histogram per Line (.im0) Format............................................................................................. 66
3.19.1.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 67
3.19.2 One Value per Line with Dictionary File (.clc) Format ...................................................................... 67
3.19.2.1 CLC File...................................................................................................................................... 68
3.19.2.1.1 Description ............................................................................................................................ 68
3.19.2.1.2 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 68
3.19.2.2 DCT File...................................................................................................................................... 69
3.19.2.2.1 Description ............................................................................................................................ 69
3.19.2.2.2 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 69
3.19.3 One Value per Line (Transmitter Name Repeated) (.im1) Format ................................................... 703.19.3.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 70
3.19.4 Only Co-Channel and Adjacent Values (.im2) Format ..................................................................... 71
3.19.4.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 71
4 Calculations .................................................................................... 754.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 75
4.2 Path Loss Matrices................................................................................................................................. 76
4.2.1 Calculation Area Determination........................................................................................................ 77
4.2.1.1 Computation Zone ...................................................................................................................... 77
4.2.1.2 Use of Polygonal Zones in Coverage Prediction Reports........................................................... 77
4.2.2 Calculate / Force Calculation Comparison ....................................................................................... 78
4.2.2.1 Calculate..................................................................................................................................... 78
4.2.2.2 Force Calculation........................................................................................................................ 784.2.3 Matrix Validity ................................................................................................................................... 78
4.3 Path Loss Calculations........................................................................................................................... 79
4.3.1 Ground Altitude Determination ......................................................................................................... 79
4.3.2 Clutter Determination ....................................................................................................................... 80
4.3.2.1 Clutter Class ............................................................................................................................... 80
4.3.2.2 Clutter Height.............................................................................................................................. 80
4.3.3 Geographic Profile Extraction........................................................................................................... 80
4.3.3.1 Extraction Methods ..................................................................................................................... 80
4.3.3.1.1 Radial Extraction ................................................................................................................... 80
4.3.3.1.2 Systematic Extraction ........................................................................................................... 81
4.3.3.2 Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management ...................................................................... 82
4.4 Propagation Models ............................................................................................................................... 84
4.4.1 Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata Propagation Models......................................................................... 85
4.4.1.1 Hata Path Loss Formula ............................................................................................................. 854.4.1.2 Corrections to the Hata Path Loss Formula................................................................................ 85
4.4.1.3 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 85
4.4.2 ITU 529-3 Propagation Model .......................................................................................................... 86
4.4.2.1 ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula..................................................................................................... 86
4.4.2.2 Corrections to the ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula ....................................................................... 86
4.4.2.2.1 Environment Correction ........................................................................................................ 86
4.4.2.2.2 Area Size Correction ............................................................................................................. 86
4.4.2.2.3 Distance Correction .............................................................................................................. 87
4.4.2.3 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 87
4.4.3 Standard Propagation Model (SPM) ................................................................................................ 87
4.4.3.1 SPM Path Loss Formula............................................................................................................. 87
4.4.3.2 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 88
4.4.3.2.1 Visibility and Distance Between Transmitter and Receiver ................................................... 884.4.3.2.2 Effective Transmitter Antenna Height ................................................................................... 88
4.4.3.2.3 Effective Receiver Antenna Height ....................................................................................... 91
4.4.3.2.4 Correction for Hilly Regions in Case of LOS ......................................................................... 91
4.4.3.2.5 Diffraction .............................................................................................................................. 92
4.4.3.2.6 Losses due to Clutter ............................................................................................................ 92
4.4.3.2.7 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 93
4.4.3.3 Automatic SPM Calibration......................................................................................................... 93
4.4.3.3.1 General Algorithm ................................................................................................................. 94
4.4.3.3.2 Sample Values for SPM Path Loss Formula Parameters ..................................................... 94
4.4.3.4 Unmasked Path Loss Calculation............................................................................................... 95
4.4.4 WLL Propagation Model ................................................................................................................... 96
4.4.4.1 WLL Path Loss Formula ............................................................................................................. 96
4.4.4.2 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 96
4.4.4.2.1 Free Space Loss ................................................................................................................... 964.4.4.2.2 Diffraction .............................................................................................................................. 96
4.4.5 ITU-R P.526-5 Propagation Model ................................................................................................... 97
4.4.5.1 ITU 526-5 Path Loss Formula..................................................................................................... 97
4.4.5.2 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 97
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4.4.5.2.1 Free Space Loss....................................................................................................................97
4.4.5.2.2 Diffraction...............................................................................................................................97
4.4.6 ITU-R P.370-7 Propagation Model....................................................................................................97
4.4.6.1 ITU 370-7 Path Loss Formula .....................................................................................................97
4.4.6.2 Calculations in Atoll .....................................................................................................................97
4.4.6.2.1 Free Space Loss....................................................................................................................97
4.4.6.2.2 Corrected Standard Loss.......................................................................................................97
4.4.7 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Propagation Model .....................................................................................98
4.4.7.1 SUI Terrain Types .......................................................................................................................99
4.4.7.2 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Path Loss Formula................................................................................994.4.7.3 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................100
4.4.8 ITU-R P.1546-2 Propagation Model................................................................................................100
4.4.8.1 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................101
4.4.8.1.1 Step 1: Determination of Graphs to be Used.......................................................................101
4.4.8.1.2 Step 2: Calculation of Maximum Field Strength...................................................................101
4.4.8.1.3 Step 3: Determination of Transmitter Antenna Height .........................................................101
4.4.8.1.4 Step 4: Interpolation/Extrapolation of Field Strength ...........................................................101
4.4.8.1.5 Step 5: Calculation of Correction Factors ............................................................................103
4.4.8.1.6 Step 6: Calculation of Path Loss..........................................................................................104
4.4.9 Sakagami Extended Propagation Model.........................................................................................104
4.4.10 Appendices .....................................................................................................................................106
4.4.10.1 Free Space Loss .......................................................................................................................106
4.4.10.2 Diffraction Loss..........................................................................................................................106
4.4.10.2.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction..........................................................................................................1064.4.10.2.2 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method.............................................................................................107
4.4.10.2.3 Epstein-Peterson Method ....................................................................................................108
4.4.10.2.4 Deygout Method with Correction .........................................................................................108
4.4.10.2.5 Millington Method.................................................................................................................109
4.5 Path Loss Tuning..................................................................................................................................109
4.5.1 Standard Tuning on Transmitters....................................................................................................109
4.5.2 Path Loss Tuning of Repeaters.......................................................................................................110
4.6 Antenna Attenuation Calculation ..........................................................................................................111
4.6.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles............................................................................................111
4.6.2 Antenna Pattern 3-D Interpolation...................................................................................................112
4.6.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling...........................................................................................113
4.6.4 Antenna Pattern Smoothing ............................................................................................................113
4.6.4.1 Smoothing Algorithm .................................................................................................................1144.7 Shadowing Model .................................................................................................................................114
4.7.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation........................................................................................................118
4.7.1.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Predictions ...........................................................................118
4.7.1.2 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Monte-Carlo Simulations......................................................120
4.7.2 Macro-Diversity Gains Calculation ..................................................................................................120
4.7.2.1 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ....................................................................................120
4.7.2.1.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)........................................................................................121
4.7.2.1.2 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain ................................................................................................123
4.7.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ...............................................................................123
4.7.2.2.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)........................................................................................123
4.7.2.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain............................................................................................125
4.8 Appendices ...........................................................................................................................................126
4.8.1 Transmitter Radio Equipment .........................................................................................................126
4.8.1.1 UMTS HSPA, CDMA2000 1xRTT 1xEV-DO, IS-95 cdmaOne, andTD-SCDMA Documents126
4.8.1.2 GSM GPRS EGPRS Documents ..............................................................................................127
4.8.1.3 WiMAX 802.16d and WiMAX 802.16e Documents ...................................................................128
4.8.1.4 LTE Documents.........................................................................................................................129
4.8.2 Secondary Antennas.......................................................................................................................130
5 GSM GPRS EDGE Networks ........................................................1335.1 General Prediction Studies ...................................................................................................................133
5.1.1 Calculation Criteria..........................................................................................................................133
5.1.2 Point Analysis..................................................................................................................................133
5.1.2.1 Profile Tab .................................................................................................................................133
5.1.2.2 Reception Tab ...........................................................................................................................133
5.1.3 Coverage Studies............................................................................................................................1345.1.3.1 Service Area Determination ......................................................................................................134
5.1.3.1.1 All Servers ...........................................................................................................................134
5.1.3.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin ...........................................................................................134
5.1.3.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin..............................................................................134
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5.1.3.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin.................................................................. 135
5.1.3.1.5 HCS Servers and a Margin ................................................................................................. 135
5.1.3.1.6 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin.......................................................................... 135
5.1.3.1.7 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .................................................... 136
5.1.3.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2).......................................................................... 136
5.1.3.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 137
5.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution .................................................................................................................... 137
5.1.3.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 137
5.2 Traffic Analysis..................................................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1 Traffic Distribution .......................................................................................................................... 1385.2.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer).......................................................................... 138
5.2.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Services.................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1.1.2 Packet Switched Services................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1.2 Concentric Cells........................................................................................................................ 138
5.2.1.2.1 Circuit Switched Services.................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1.2.2 Packet Switched Services................................................................................................... 138
5.2.1.3 HCS Layers .............................................................................................................................. 138
5.2.1.3.1 Circuit Switched Services.................................................................................................... 139
5.2.1.3.2 Packet Switched Services................................................................................................... 139
5.2.2 Calculation of the Traffic Demand per Subcell ............................................................................... 139
5.2.2.1 Traffic Maps per User Profile .................................................................................................... 139
5.2.2.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) .................................................................... 139
5.2.2.1.2 Concentric Cells .................................................................................................................. 139
5.2.2.1.3 HCS Layers......................................................................................................................... 1405.2.2.2 Traffic Maps per Sector ............................................................................................................ 144
5.2.2.2.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) .................................................................... 144
5.2.2.2.2 Concentric Cells .................................................................................................................. 144
5.2.2.2.3 HCS Layers......................................................................................................................... 144
5.3 Network Dimensioning ......................................................................................................................... 147
5.3.1 Dimensioning Models and Quality Graphs ..................................................................................... 147
5.3.1.1 Circuit Switched Traffic ............................................................................................................. 148
5.3.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic ............................................................................................................ 148
5.3.1.2.1 Throughput.......................................................................................................................... 148
5.3.1.2.2 Delay ................................................................................................................................... 150
5.3.1.2.3 Blocking Probability............................................................................................................. 150
5.3.2 Network Dimensioning Process ..................................................................................................... 152
5.3.2.1 Network Dimensioning Engine.................................................................................................. 1525.3.2.1.1 Inputs .................................................................................................................................. 152
5.3.2.1.2 Outputs ............................................................................................................................... 152
5.3.2.2 Network Dimensioning Steps.................................................................................................... 152
5.3.2.2.1 Step 1: Timeslots Required for CS Traffic........................................................................... 152
5.3.2.2.2 Step 2: TRXs Required for CS Traffic and Dedicated PS Timeslots................................... 153
5.3.2.2.3 Step 3: Effective CS Blocking, Effective CS Traffic Overflow and Served CS Traffic ......... 153
5.3.2.2.4 Step 4: TRXs to Add for PS Traffic ..................................................................................... 153
5.3.2.2.5 Step 5: Served PS Traffic ................................................................................................... 155
5.3.2.2.6 Step 6: Total Traffic Load.................................................................................................... 156
5.4 Key Performance Indicators Calculation .............................................................................................. 156
5.4.1 Circuit Switched Traffic................................................................................................................... 156
5.4.1.1 Erlang B .................................................................................................................................... 156
5.4.1.2 Erlang C.................................................................................................................................... 156
5.4.1.3 Served Circuit Switched Traffic................................................................................................. 1575.4.2 Packet Switched Traffic .................................................................................................................. 157
5.4.2.1 Case 1: Total Traffic Demand > Dedicated + Shared Timeslots .............................................. 157
5.4.2.1.1 Traffic Load ......................................................................................................................... 157
5.4.2.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ....................................................................................... 157
5.4.2.1.3 Throughput Reduction Factor ............................................................................................. 157
5.4.2.1.4 Delay ................................................................................................................................... 157
5.4.2.1.5 Blocking Probability............................................................................................................. 157
5.4.2.1.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic .......................................................................................... 157
5.4.2.2 Case 2: Total Traffic Demand < Dedicated + Shared Timeslots .............................................. 158
5.4.2.2.1 Traffic Load ......................................................................................................................... 158
5.4.2.2.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ....................................................................................... 158
5.4.2.2.3 Throughput Reduction Factor ............................................................................................. 158
5.4.2.2.4 Delay ................................................................................................................................... 1585.4.2.2.5 Blocking Probability............................................................................................................. 158
5.4.2.2.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic .......................................................................................... 158
5.5 Neighbour Allocation ............................................................................................................................ 158
5.5.1 Global Allocation for All Transmitters ............................................................................................. 159
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5.5.2 Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter .............................................................162
5.6 Interference Prediction Studies.............................................................................................................162
5.6.1 Coverage Studies............................................................................................................................162
5.6.1.1 Service Area Determination ......................................................................................................162
5.6.1.1.1 All Servers ...........................................................................................................................162
5.6.1.1.2 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ..................................................................162
5.6.1.1.3 Best Signal Level of the Highest Priority HCS Layer and a Margin .....................................163
5.6.1.1.4 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .....................................................163
5.6.1.2 Carrier to Interference Ratio Calculation ...................................................................................163
5.6.1.2.1 Carrier Power Level .............................................................................................................1645.6.1.2.2 Interference Calculation.......................................................................................................164
5.6.1.2.3 Collision Probability for Non Hopping Mode ........................................................................166
5.6.1.2.4 Collision Probability for BBH and SFH Modes.....................................................................166
5.6.1.3 Coverage Area Determination ...................................................................................................167
5.6.1.3.1 Interference Condition Satisfied by At Least One TRX........................................................167
5.6.1.3.2 Interference Condition Satisfied by The Worst TRX ............................................................167
5.6.1.4 Coverage Area Display .............................................................................................................167
5.6.1.4.1 C/I Level...............................................................................................................................167
5.6.1.4.2 Max C/I Level.......................................................................................................................167
5.6.1.4.3 Min C/I Level........................................................................................................................167
5.6.1.4.4 Transmitter ...........................................................................................................................168
5.6.2 Point Analysis..................................................................................................................................168
5.7 GPRS EDGE Coverage Studies ...........................................................................................................168
5.7.1 Coverage Area Determination.........................................................................................................1685.7.1.1 All Servers .................................................................................................................................168
5.7.1.2 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ........................................................................168
5.7.1.3 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin...........................................................168
5.7.1.4 HCS Servers and a Margin .......................................................................................................169
5.7.1.5 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin ................................................................................169
5.7.2 Calculation Options .........................................................................................................................169
5.7.2.1 Calculations Based on C ...........................................................................................................169
5.7.2.2 Calculations Based on C/I Without Considering Thermal Noise ...............................................169
5.7.2.3 Calculations Based on C/I Considering Thermal Noise ............................................................170
5.7.2.4 Ideal Link Adaptation (ILA) ........................................................................................................170
5.7.3 Coverage Study Scenarios .............................................................................................................170
5.7.3.1 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C Without ILA.........................................................................170
5.7.3.1.1 Coding Scheme Based on C Without ILA............................................................................1705.7.3.1.2 Throughput Based on C Without ILA ...................................................................................170
5.7.3.2 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C With ILA..............................................................................171
5.7.3.2.1 Coding Scheme Based on C With ILA.................................................................................171
5.7.3.2.2 Throughput Based on C With ILA ........................................................................................171
5.7.3.3 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C/I Without ILA and Thermal Noise .......................................171
5.7.3.3.1 Coding Scheme Based on C/I Without ILA and Thermal Noise ..........................................171
5.7.3.3.2 Throughput Based on Worst Case Between C and C/I Without ILA....................................172
5.7.3.4 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C/I With ILA and Without Thermal Noise ...............................172
5.7.3.4.1 Coding Scheme Based on C/I With ILA and Without Thermal Noise ..................................172
5.7.3.4.2 Throughput Based on Worst Case Between C and C/I With ILA.........................................172
5.7.3.5 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C/I Without ILA and With Thermal Noise ...............................172
5.7.3.5.1 Coding Scheme Based on C/I Without ILA and With Thermal Noise ..................................172
5.7.3.5.2 Throughput Based on Interpolation Between C/N and C/(I+N) Without ILA ........................173
5.7.3.6 GPRS/EDGE Studies Based on C/I With ILA and Thermal Noise ............................................1735.7.3.6.1 Coding Scheme Based on C/I With ILA and Thermal Noise ...............................................173
5.7.3.6.2 Throughput Based on Interpolation Between C/N and C/(I+N) With ILA .............................174
5.7.4 Coverage Display............................................................................................................................174
5.7.4.1 GPRS/EDGE Coding Schemes Study Display Types ...............................................................174
5.7.4.1.1 Coding Schemes .................................................................................................................174
5.7.4.1.2 Best Coding Schemes .........................................................................................................175
5.7.4.2 RLC/MAC and Application Throughput/Timeslot Studies Display Types ..................................175
5.7.4.2.1 Relation Between RLC/MAC and Application Throughputs.................................................175
5.7.4.2.2 Throughput/Timeslot ............................................................................................................175
5.7.4.2.3 Best Throughput/Timeslot....................................................................................................175
5.7.4.2.4 Average Throughput/Timeslot .............................................................................................175
5.7.4.2.5 Block Error Rate Computation .............................................................................................175
5.7.4.2.6 BLER Percentage ................................................................................................................1755.7.4.2.7 Maximum BLER Percentage ...............................................................................................176
5.8 Circuit Quality Indicators Studies..........................................................................................................176
5.8.1 Circuit Quality Indicators .................................................................................................................176
5.8.2 Coverage Area Determination.........................................................................................................177
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5.8.2.1 All Servers ................................................................................................................................ 178
5.8.2.2 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin ....................................................................... 178
5.8.2.3 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .......................................................... 178
5.8.2.4 HCS Servers and a Margin....................................................................................................... 178
5.8.2.5 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin ............................................................................... 178
5.8.3 Calculation Options ........................................................................................................................ 178
5.8.3.1 Calculations Based on C/N....................................................................................................... 179
5.8.3.2 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ................................................................................................. 179
5.8.3.3 Ideal Link Adaptation (ILA) ....................................................................................................... 180
5.8.4 Calculation Scenarios..................................................................................................................... 1805.8.4.1 CQI Study Based on C/N Without ILA ...................................................................................... 180
5.8.4.2 CQI Study Based on C/N With ILA ........................................................................................... 180
5.8.4.3 CQI Study Based on C/(I+N) Without ILA................................................................................. 180
5.8.4.4 CQI Study Based on C/(I+N) With ILA...................................................................................... 181
5.8.5 Coverage Display ........................................................................................................................... 181
5.8.5.1 Circuit Quality Indicators Study Display Types ......................................................................... 181
5.8.5.1.1 FER/BER/MOS ................................................................................................................... 181
5.8.5.1.2 Max FER/Max BER/Max MOS ............................................................................................ 181
6 UMTS HSPA Networks ................................................................. 1856.1 General Prediction Studies .................................................................................................................. 185
6.1.1 Calculation Criteria ......................................................................................................................... 185
6.1.2 Point Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 1856.1.2.1 Profile Tab ................................................................................................................................ 185
6.1.2.2 Reception Tab .......................................................................................................................... 185
6.1.3 Coverage Studies ........................................................................................................................... 186
6.1.3.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 186
6.1.3.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 186
6.1.3.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 186
6.1.3.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 186
6.1.3.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 187
6.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution .................................................................................................................... 187
6.1.3.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 187
6.2 Definitions and Formulas ..................................................................................................................... 188
6.2.1 Inputs.............................................................................................................................................. 188
6.2.2 Ec/I0 Calculation ............................................................................................................................ 193
6.2.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 1946.2.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 195
6.3 Active Set Management ....................................................................................................................... 195
6.4 Simulations........................................................................................................................................... 196
6.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution ........................................................................................ 196
6.4.1.1 Simulations Based on Traffic Maps per User Profile ................................................................ 196
6.4.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) ................................................................................................. 197
6.4.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j) ................................................................................................ 197
6.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Traffic Maps per Sectors....................................................................... 200
6.4.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink................................................................................... 200
6.4.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) ..................................................................... 201
6.4.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status ................................................................................... 201
6.4.2 Power Control Simulation............................................................................................................... 201
6.4.2.1 Algorithm Initialization............................................................................................................... 2026.4.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm ......................................................................................................... 203
6.4.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm.................................................................................................... 207
6.4.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation .................................................................................................... 207
6.4.2.3.2 Number of HS-SCCH Channels and Maximum Number of HSDPA Users......................... 208
6.4.2.3.3 HSDPA Bearer Allocation Process ..................................................................................... 208
6.4.2.3.4 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling ........................................................................................... 209
6.4.2.3.5 MIMO Modelling .................................................................................................................. 218
6.4.2.3.6 Scheduling Algorithms ........................................................................................................ 218
6.4.2.4 HSUPA Part of the Algorithm.................................................................................................... 220
6.4.2.4.1 HSUPA Users ..................................................................................................................... 220
6.4.2.4.2 Admission Control ............................................................................................................... 220
6.4.2.4.3 HSUPA Bearer Allocation Process ..................................................................................... 222
6.4.2.4.4 Radio Resource Control...................................................................................................... 223
6.4.2.5 Convergence Criteria................................................................................................................ 2236.4.3 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 224
6.4.3.1 R99 Related Results................................................................................................................. 224
6.4.3.2 HSPA Related Results.............................................................................................................. 225
6.4.3.2.1 Statistics Tab ...................................................................................................................... 225
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6.4.3.2.2 Mobiles Tab .........................................................................................................................226
6.4.3.2.3 Cells Tab..............................................................................................................................228
6.4.3.2.4 Sites Tab..............................................................................................................................229
6.4.4 Appendices .....................................................................................................................................229
6.4.4.1 Admission Control in the R99 Part ............................................................................................229
6.4.4.2 Resources Management ...........................................................................................................230
6.4.4.2.1 OVSF Codes Management..................................................................................................230
6.4.4.2.2 Channel Elements Management .........................................................................................231
6.4.4.2.3 Iub Backhaul Throughput.....................................................................................................232
6.4.4.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation .............................................................................................2326.4.4.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell.............................................................................................232
6.4.4.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile ........................................................................................234
6.4.4.4 Uplink Load Factor Due to One User ........................................................................................234
6.4.4.5 Inter-carrier Power Sharing Modelling .......................................................................................236
6.4.4.6 Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method ......................................236
6.5 UMTS HSPA Prediction Studies ...........................................................................................................238
6.5.1 Point Analysis..................................................................................................................................238
6.5.1.1 AS Analysis Tab ........................................................................................................................238
6.5.1.1.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu............................................................................................238
6.5.1.1.2 Downlink Sub-Menu.............................................................................................................241
6.5.1.1.3 Uplink Sub-Menu .................................................................................................................245
6.5.2 Coverage Studies............................................................................................................................248
6.5.2.1 Pilot Reception Analysis ............................................................................................................248
6.5.2.1.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................2496.5.2.1.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................249
6.5.2.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis ................................................................................................250
6.5.2.2.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................250
6.5.2.2.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................250
6.5.2.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis ....................................................................................................252
6.5.2.3.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................252
6.5.2.3.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................252
6.5.2.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis ..................................................................................................253
6.5.2.4.1 Study Inputs.........................................................................................................................253
6.5.2.4.2 Analysis on All Carriers........................................................................................................254
6.5.2.4.3 Analysis on a Specific Carrier ..............................................................................................254
6.5.2.5 HSDPA Prediction Study ...........................................................................................................254
6.5.2.5.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................2556.5.2.5.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................255
6.5.2.6 HSUPA Prediction Study ...........................................................................................................258
6.5.2.6.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................259
6.5.2.6.2 Calculation Options..............................................................................................................259
6.5.2.6.3 Display Options....................................................................................................................259
6.6 Automatic Neighbour Allocation............................................................................................................261
6.6.1 Global Allocation for All Transmitters ..............................................................................................261
6.6.2 Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter .............................................................266
6.7 Primary Scrambling Code Allocation ....................................................................................................266
6.7.1 Automatic Allocation Description.....................................................................................................266
6.7.1.1 Options and Constraints ............................................................................................................266
6.7.1.2 Allocation Process .....................................................................................................................267
6.7.1.2.1 Single Carrier Network.........................................................................................................267
6.7.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network...........................................................................................................2686.7.1.3 Priority Determination ................................................................................................................269
6.7.1.3.1 Cell Priority ..........................................................................................................................269
6.7.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority ..............................................................................................................271
6.7.1.3.3 Site Priority ..........................................................................................................................271
6.7.2 Allocation Examples........................................................................................................................272
6.7.2.1 Allocation Strategies and Use a Maximum of Codes ................................................................272
6.7.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered ..............................................................................................................272
6.7.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed ............................................................................................................273
6.7.2.1.3 Strategy: One Cluster per Site ............................................................................................273
6.7.2.1.4 Strategy: Distributed per Site ..............................................................................................274
6.7.2.2 Allocate Carriers Identically .......................................................................................................274
6.8 Automatic GSM-UMTS Neighbour Allocation .......................................................................................275
6.8.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................2756.8.2 Automatic Allocation Description.....................................................................................................275
6.8.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance ....................................................................................................275
6.8.2.2 Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping ..............................................................................276
6.8.2.3 Appendices................................................................................................................................277
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6.8.2.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option ..................................................................................... 277
6.8.2.3.2 Calculation of Inter-Transmitter Distance............................................................................ 278
7 CDMA2000 Networks ................................................................... 2817.1 General Prediction Studies .................................................................................................................. 281
7.1.1 Calculation Criteria ......................................................................................................................... 281
7.1.2 Point Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 281
7.1.2.1 Profile Tab ................................................................................................................................ 281
7.1.2.2 Reception Tab .......................................................................................................................... 282
7.1.3 Coverage Studies ........................................................................................................................... 2827.1.3.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 282
7.1.3.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 282
7.1.3.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 282
7.1.3.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 282
7.1.3.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 283
7.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution .................................................................................................................... 283
7.1.3.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 283
7.2 Definitions and Formulas ..................................................................................................................... 284
7.2.1 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xRTT Modelling ...................................................................... 284
7.2.1.1 Inputs ........................................................................................................................................ 284
7.2.1.2 Ec/I0 Calculation....................................................................................................................... 288
7.2.1.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 289
7.2.1.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 2907.2.1.5 Simulation Results .................................................................................................................... 291
7.2.2 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Modelling .................................................................. 292
7.2.2.1 Inputs ........................................................................................................................................ 292
7.2.2.2 Ec/I0 and Ec/Nt Calculations .................................................................................................... 295
7.2.2.3 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 296
7.2.2.4 Simulation Results .................................................................................................................... 297
7.3 Active Set Management ....................................................................................................................... 298
7.4 Simulations........................................................................................................................................... 299
7.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution ........................................................................................ 299
7.4.1.1 Number of Users, User Activity Status and User Data Rate..................................................... 299
7.4.1.1.1 Simulations Based on Traffic Maps per User Profile........................................................... 299
7.4.1.1.2 Simulations Based on Traffic Maps per Sector ................................................................... 302
7.4.1.2 Transition Flags for 1xEV-DO Rev.0 User Data Rates............................................................. 306
7.4.1.3 User Geographical Position ...................................................................................................... 3067.4.2 Network Regulation Mechanism..................................................................................................... 306
7.4.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT Power Control Simulation Algorithm.......................................................... 306
7.4.2.1.1 Algorithm Initialization ......................................................................................................... 307
7.4.2.1.2 Presentation of the Algorithm.............................................................................................. 307
7.4.2.1.3 Convergence Criterion ........................................................................................................ 314
7.4.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Power/Data Rate Co