Post on 03-Jun-2018
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Refers to the process of receiving stimulusenergies from the external environment.
The registry of stimulus to any of our senseorgans.
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The process of organizing and interpretingsensory information to give it meaning.
The process of analyzing information that wentthrough the process of sensation.
Note:
the purpose of perception is to representinformation from the outside world.
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DETECTING PROCESSING INTERPRETING
where TRANSDUCTION
happens
information travels throughneural networks (AFFERENT)
information reaches the
brain for PERCEPTION
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begins with sensory receptors registeringenvironmental information and sending it to
the brain for integration and cognitiveprocessing.
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processing of perceptual information thatstarts out with cognitive processing at the
higher levels of the brain.
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All sensations begin with SENSORY RECEPTORS
SENSORY RECEPTORS are specialized cells that detect
and transmit stimulus information to the sensory
nerves and the brain.
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1. Photoreceptors (detection of light, perceived as
sight)
2. Mechanoreceptors (detection of pressure, vibration,and movement perceived as touch, hearing, andequilibrium)
3. Chemoreceptors (detection of chemical stimuli
detected smell and taste)a. Odor Receptors
b. Taste Receptors
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SENSORYNEURON
SENSORY
RECEPTOR CELL
BRAIN
ENERGY
STIMULUS
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studies the link between physical properties ofa stimuli and a persons experience of them.
THRESHOLD
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the strength at which a stimuli is justperceived;
refers to the minimum intensity or value of asignal.
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the minimum amount of energy a person candetect.
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the ability to detect information below thelevel of conscious awareness.
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orJust Noticeable Difference
the smallest difference in stimulationrequired to discriminate one stimulusfrom another 50 percent of the time.
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the principle that two stimuli mustdiffer by a constant minimum percentage(rather than a constant amount) to be
perceived as different.
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The theory that focuses on decision makingabout stimuli in the presence of uncertainty.
Detection depends on a variety of factorsbesides the physical intensity of the stimulusand the sensory abilities of the observer.
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Selective Attention
attending to a specific stimuli at a givensituation and time;
focusing on a specific aspect of experience
while ignoring others.
Divided Attention
attending to two or more different stimulus
simultaneously.
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predisposition or readiness to perceive
something in a particular way.
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Light-is a form of electromagnetic radiation
that can be described in terms of wavelengths.
Light waves have hue (color), amplitude(height), and purity (saturation).
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Sclerais the white outer part
of the eye that shapes and
protects the eye.
Irisis the colored part of theeye.
Pupilis the opening in thecenter of the iris. It functions
to control the amount of
light entering the eye.
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Corneais the clear curved
membrane just in front of the
eye, covering the pupil and
iris. It functions to focus lighton the retina.
Lensis located behind the
pupil and iris. It fine-tunesthe focus of the image by
flexing its curvature
(accommodation).
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Retinais the light-sensitive
surface in the back of the eye
that houses light receptorcells: the rods and the cones.
Note:
Transduction takes place when aneural impulse travels throughlayers of cells in the retina.
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Rods are receptors in theretina that are sensitive tolight but not very sensitive
to color.
Rods function well underlow-light conditions and in
peripheral vision.
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Conesare the receptor
cells that detect color and
require large amounts of
light.
Cones are compacted in aminute area in the center
of the retina called the
fovea.
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Meaning shape, configuration, and pattern.
the whole is better than the sum of its parts
The gestalt principles of closure, proximity,and similarity demonstrate our ability toorganize visual exerience.
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Motion is perceived both through motion-detecting
neurons and feedback from our bodies.
Stroboscopic motionis the illusion of movement
created when a rapid stimulation of different parts ofthe retina occurs. Movement aftereffects happenwhen we watch continuous movement.
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Perceptual constancy is the recognition thatan objects size, shape, or brightness remainsthe same despite changes in the actual image
cast on the retina.
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The Ear
Pinnaeare the earlobes; theyhelp to localize sound andchannel it to the ear via theexternal auditory canal.
The Outer Ear
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The Ear
The eardrumis a membranethat vibrates in response tosound.
The middle-ear bones(hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
amplify sound waves andtransmit them to the fluid-filledinner ear.
The Middle Ear
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The Ear
The stirrupis connected to theoval window, which transmitssound waves to the cochlea.
The cochleais a fluid-filled, coiledstructure that is lined by thebasilar membrane.
Sound waves traveling in thefluids of the cochlea stimulatehair cells to move and generate
nerve impulses.
The Inner Ear
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Touchis the detectionof mechanical energy or
pressure against theskin.
Our sensitivity to touch
varies depending on thearea of the body.
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Thermoreceptors, located just under the skin,respond to increases or decreases in
temperature.
Warm and cold are the two types ofthermoreceptors.
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Pain receptors are dispersed widelythroughout the body and come in several
types.
Mechanical receptors respond to pressure. Heat receptors respond to strong heat.
Many pain receptors respond to both pressureand heat.
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The surface of the tongue is
covered with papillae that
contain taste buds.
The taste buds respond to four
types of tastes: sweet, sour,
salty, bitter.
Different regions of the tongue
are more or less sensitive to the
four types of tastes.
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The olfactory epithelium lines the roof of thenasal cavity and contains a sheet of receptorcells for smell.
b. Receptors are covered with millions ofminute hair-like antennae that contact theair.
c. Smells often trigger memories andemotions because they are processed by thelimbic system.
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Study the following:1. Memory
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Long term, short term, and sensorymemory
2. MotivationHierarchy of Needs by MaslowMc ClellandsTheory of MotivationMc GregorsTheory of MotivationThe ERG Model of Motivation