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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
Skin is a main protection or barrier for preventing the entry
and invasion of pathogenic microbes to the body from the environment.
For humans, wound cases are very common such as due to surgery, trau-
matic, skin burn and others which leads to loss of integrity of the
skin as a body’s main barrier of outer surface. Wound healing is a
very complicated process, as the body needs to not only close up the
wound and clean out any debris and dead tissue, it then needs to fill
in areas where tissue was lost and essentially connect the skin back
together. It has its natural process with three phases, the inflamma-
tion phase, proliferation phase and re- absorption phase. It is in-
fluenced by many factors including the kind of medicine or drug used.
The use of medicine or drugs is aimed to accelerate the wound healing
process and to prevent infection. The different drugs used for wound
treatment could be used in many ways and in kinds. One of these kinds
used for treatment is herbal medicine. The use of traditional medici-
nal remedies and plants in the treatment of wounds is an important
aspect of health treatment and at the same time a way to reduce the
financial burden. Several plants used as traditional healing remedies
have been reported to treat skin disorders, including wounds. One of
the plants which have a great potential to be explored as medicinal
plants is the banana plant. This plant grows well, easily and found
in huge number. People use this plant mainly for its fruit and
leaves. The stem is mainly used for ruminant feed and some cultural
activities but what caught the researcher's attention is its thera-
peutic effects on wound healing. Banana stem contains serotonin, nor-
epinephrine, dopamine, tannin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin C
that are very essential for the body in the wound healing process.
The banana stem sap contain components that functioned as antibiotic
and accelerated the growth of cell on the regeneration process, this
stem sap also increases the blood flow and stimulates connective tis-
sue formation on the response of wound healing process. Banana stem
sap could also be used for pain reliever and facilitate the increas-
ing absorption capability of medicine in the skin, therefore, could
be used to treat contusion, skin burn, animal bite and anti- inflam-
mation.
Therefore the researchers have decided to make an in depth study
about the mentioned subject and prove that banana sap can accelerate
and aid in wound healing compared to the natural process.
II. Review of Related Literature
Wound healing varies depending on the utilization of medications
or drugs that shall be using in case of alteration in skin integrity.
The Researchers investigate the use of potential herbal plants
as a treatment modality for wounds. There are existing literatures
revealing that Banana sap was known to be a wound healing agent.
According to Marvin (2011) applying banana trunk sap to wound is a
common old practice. It was old because it was superseded by popular
liquid iodine formulations, e.g. povidone iodine. The popular wound
medicine can be applied to any wound without the pain. There was then
a true experiment regarding the effect of using banana sap in
accelerating wound incision healing process and concluded that banana
sap usage was proven to be more effective in accelerating incision
healing process and reduce any infection risk (Sasongko, 2008). With
regards to its effectivity it is said that based on experience, it is
very much useful. “The banana sap has a property that stops the
bleeding after applying it to the wound. The sap contains saponin
and ascorbic acid. The mentioned substances function on healing the
wound faster” (Marvin, 2011). “Saponin works to increase the
formation of new blood vessels in the wound so that it supplies
oxygen and nutrients more. Ascorbic acid functions to strengthen and
accelerate the growth of connective tissue (collagen.” (Nugrohoro,
2011) “With 80 percent concentration of the sap of the banana tree,
the wound will be closed 30-60 percent faster” according Estiara
(2010). The banana is one of the best fruit sources of vitamin B6
which helps with the production of neurotransmitters including
serotonin and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Moreover, it is also a
wonderful source of vitamin C, along with modest amounts of the B
group vitamins folate, niacin, riboflavin and pantothenic acid which
are very essential for the body in the wound healing process
(Drucker, 2004).
Other parts of the banana tree is also as useful as its trunk in
helping a wound to heal and lessens its’ damage. As a matter of fact
the pounded peels of ripe bananas can be used to make a poultice or
dressing for wounds and aside from that the inside of the peel has
anti-septic properties that can be wrapped directly around wounds or
cuts in case of emergency (Sharrock,1996,p.42).
Relating the effect of banana sap in the hastening of wound
healing in mice there is a research that aims to find out the
activity of banana stem sap on the acceleration of wound healing
process in the mice skin based on gross and histopathological
observations. Totally 45 heads of DDY mice ages 4 – 6 weeks were used
in this study. The mice were divided into three groups, negative
control, positive control, and banana stem sap. All mice were 1 – 1.5
cm incised on the dorsal back skin. The test result indicated that
banana stem sap could promote the wound healing process. Gross lesion
observation indicated that in the banana stem sap treatment, the scab
formation was faster than negative control and Bioplacentation.
(Beiheft, 1990, p. 32).
Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
a. Selection and Control of Albino Mice
b. Collection of Banana Stem Sap
a. Induction of cut wound
b. Application of Treatment (Banana Sap) on subject A and no treatment on subject B.
c. Observation of wound healing process using assessment tools
Increased in the extent of the healing of cut wounds of the albino mice in terms of:
a. Healing timeb. Appearancec. Size
This framework shows the simple flow of how the study shall be
conducted. During the input phase, Albino mice that shall be selected
will be of the same sex and age (4 – 6 weeks old). Their food intake
for 7 days shall be controlled through giving same amount and kind
of food and drinks. Before the process phase starts, collection of
banana stem sap shall be done.
On the process phase, a cut wound shall be induced on the mice
using a devised scalpel with the same length of wound. Fresh banana
stem sap shall be applied on subject A (experimental) and no
treatment given to subject B (Negative Control). The mice shall be
observed everyday for 14 days using the Wound Assessment Tools.
After the mice have been observed for 14 days, the result should
show an increase in the extent of the healing of cut wounds in terms
of healing time, appearance and size. This will serve as a map that
would give coherence to all empirical inquiries.
Statement of the Problem
This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Banana Sap
in healing the cut wounds of Albino rats.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following:
1. What is the extent of the effectiveness of Banana sap in
healing cut wounds of the albino mice A (experimental) in terms
of:
a. Healing time
b. Appearance
c. Size
2. What is the extent of the healing of cut wounds of the albino
mice B ( negative control) in terms of:
a. Healing time
b. Appearance
c. Size
3. Is there a significant difference in the extent of the healing
of the cut wounds between subject A and subject B in terms of:
a. Healing time
b. Appearance
c. Size
Hypotheses
There is no significant difference in the extent of healing of
the cut wounds of subject A to that of subject B.
Significance of the study
Specifically, the researchers envisioned that the result of this
study will serve as:
I. An alternative medication for cut wounds.
II. An economical alternative medication for
people having cut wound.
III. A way of promoting the benefits of banana
sap for cut wounds.
IV. Assessment of the effectiveness of the
various functions of banana sap.
V. Alternative medicine for people below the poverty
line.
In the light of the framework within which banana sap is used as
an alternative aid in wound healing, the researchers envisioned that
the result of the study will significantly be beneficial to:
A. The community people and others belonging to low socioeconomic
status- the results shall give first-hand knowledge about effec-
tiveness of the intervention and would serve as its purpose
which is to use as an alternative medicine for wounds.
B. Researchers- the result of the study can be utilized among the
researchers in particular phenomenon significant to wound heal-
ing.
C. Future researchers- the study may serve as a foundation or ref-
erences for significant future studies.
Scope and Limitation
This research study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of banana
sap in cut wounds of Albino mice, which may serve as an
alternative treatment for commercially prepared solutions. This
ought to determine the length of time it shall take the cut wound
to heal. The group will be using two albino mice - one as a
negative control (no treatment) and one given with treatment
(banana stem sap). The treatment shall be banana stem sap from
Lakatan banana tree. The sap may appear sticky clear to cloudy.
The Albino mice will be bought at the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). The mice will be observed for 14 days using the
wound assessment tool to compare the appearance, size and healing
time. The experiment shall be conducted at Saint Paul University
Philippines' Science Laboratory. The researchers shall be
maintaning same environment and physiologic needs of both mice
such as housing, food and drinks. The researcher’s knowledge is
limited only in wound healing and care, and may consult a
biologist for assistance.
Definition of terms
Albino mice – a kind of rat which is commonly used for laboratory
experimentation.
Banana stem sap – liquid coming out from the stem of Lakatan banana
tree after being cut.
Cut wound – a kind of wound that is manually induced by using a
devised scalpel.
Devised Scalpel – instrument with a controlled depth of blade that
will be used to induce cut wounds.
Wound healing – intricate process in which the skin repairs itself
after an injury and will be measured using the wound assessment tools
in terms of appearance, size and length of time.
Chapter 2
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This chapter shall provide informations and details about
the procedures and preparations needed for the study.
Research Design
The researchers shall be using an experimental research in
which, a treatment shall be given on subject A (experimental) and
no treatment for the negative control. The researchers will
attempt to maintain control over all factors such as the
environment (housing), physiologic needs like food and drinks,
and the instrument (devised scalpel) used to induce wound to the
Albino mice that may affect the result of the abovementioned
experiment. In doing this, the researchers attempt to determine
or predict the effectiveness of banana stem sap in wound healing.
Instrumentation and Procedure
Banana Sap Preparation
1. A Lakatan Banana tree will be identified in any area
nearest to SPUP Science Laboratory .
2. The instruments such as scalpel and petri dish shall be
autoclaved before being used. A sterile gloves shall also be
utilized.
3. The banana stem shall be cleansed using cotton balls
soaked in sterile water.
4. With a donned sterile gloves, the stem sap will be
collected directly from the banana stem by cutting it with a
scalpel aseptically. The sap collected shall be placed in a petri
dish.
Albino Mice
A. Preprocedure Preparation
1. Two Albino mice with the same sex and age (4 – 6 weeks
old) shall be bought from the Department of Science and
Technology.
2. Healthy Albino mice shall individually be housed and be
given the same amount and type of food and water.
3. The mice shall be periodically weighed before the
experiment to note equal weight gain.
B. Induction of Cut Wound
1. The right leg of the mice shall be shaved using a razor
and will be left untouched for 24 hours.
2. The shaved leg shall be cleansed using cotton balls with
sterile water in a circular pattern.
3. With a donned sterile gloves, a devised scalpel shall be
used to induce a 3mm cut wound.
C. Treatment and Control
1. After inducing a cut wound, subject A (Experimental)
shall be given the treatment only after 15 minutes while subject
B (Negative control) shall remain as is.
2. After 15 minutes, using a sterile cotton swab, the banana
stem sap shall be gently applied over the incised portion of the
mice.
Note: The banana stem sap shall be collected and applied
everyday. Application should be of the same time and procedure.
The mice shall be assessed prior to the application of each
treatment.
3. The experimental and control subjects shall be observed
for 14 days using the wound assessment tool for its appearance,
size and length of healing time.
Data Analysis
The data will be analyzed utilizing the following
statistical tools:
1.The mean of the wound area measurements between groups and
the different time intervals will be gathered as part of the data
analysis.
2. ANOVA will be used to examine the mean differences in
wound healing between the group given with the Banana Stem Sap,
and the other group that was given no treatment at all.
Appendix A
Wound Assessment Tool
Day Banana Stem Sap Negative Control
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
This tool shall be used for recording the length of the cut wound.
Appendix B
Wound Assessment Tool
Day # ___
Wound Assessment Banana Stem Sap
Negative Control
Texture
a. Moist
b. Smooth
c. Coarse
d. Hard
e. Soft
f. Rough
Color a. Reddish
b. Pinkish
c. Yellowish
d. Blackish
Wound Edge
Characteristics
a. Sloping
b. Punched Out
c. Rolled
d. Averted
e. Purple
Wound Exudat
es
a. Serous
b.Serosanguinous
c. Sanguinous
This shall serve as a check-list for the wound’s characteristic
References
Website:
Beiheft; 1990; “Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics” ;
(http://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=x21902h4rXYC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=banana+sap+wound+healing&source=bl&ots=Y
q_5YJoVRt&sig=mQPPOdksjGRbNfexNoDNZldlZZI&hl=tl&ei=JpesSCLDtGIkAXs5qSwDQ
&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ban)
Drucker; 2004; “Australian Bananas Media Kit”; (PDF file,
http://www.australianbananas.com.au/public/media/downloads/media_kit.pdf)
Estiara; 2010;(http://doddyestiara.blogspot.com/2010/09/banana-tree-sap accelerate-
wound.html)
Marvin; (2011);” Banana Trunk Sap for Healing Wounds/ Saha Ng Saging”;
(http://www.luntiancorner.com/health/banana-wound-heal/).
Nugroho; 2010; “Banana Sap Heal Wounds”; (http://www.allvoices.com/contributed- news/
6555672-banana-sap-heal-wounds)
Sasongko; (2001); “Efek Pemberian Getah Tunas Pisang Raja terhadap Proses Percepatan
Penyembuhan Luka Insisi pada Hewan Coba Mencit (Mus mus culus) Strain Balb/”; ( PDF File;
http://alumni.unair.ac.id/kumpulanfile/217828264_abs.pdf)
Sharrock;1996;”Uses of Musa”; (PDF
file,http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/francais/banane/Doc/musa.pdf)