Post on 25-Feb-2016
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Basic Horticultural Botany
What is Horticulture?
• Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants
• Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Fruit– Tropical : mango, papaya– Subtropical: Orange, fig – Temperate: Apple, Pear
• A fruit is an enlarged ovary with seeds and attached parts
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Vegetables– Cool Season: broccoli
• Cauliflower, spinach,onion
– Warm season• New Zealand spinach
– In the grocery store language: Tomatoes, peppers and squash
• Vegetables Botanically are plant parts without ovary/seeds.
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Drugs– Plants that have medical
use: Echinacea, willow, Ginkgo
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Condiments/ spices:– Plants used to make
flavorings: mustard, curry
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Beverage Plants– Coffee, Tea, – Herbal Tisanes– Hops for beer– Agave for Tequila
What are Horticultural Plants?
• Ornamental Plants– Herbaceous – flowers
and foliage plants• Annuals• Perennials
– Woody trees and shrubs
• Ornamentals are planted for shade, beauty, Climate control, windbreaks…
Basic Botany/ plant classificationScientific names , Common namesKingdom
DivisionClass
Order Family
Genus ( pl. Genera)species( sp. or spp.)
Cultivar or variety
PlantaeTracheophytaAngiospermaeRosalesRosaceaeMalusdomestica‘Honeycrisp’
More terms used to classify plants
• Annuals- completes the life cycle in one season• Biennial – usually takes two years to complete
the life cycle ( carrots, cabbage)• Perennial- usually lives more than 2 years– Woody – trees and shrubs• Deciduous/ evergreen
– Herbaceous• Tender/hardy
Plant Structures
• Flowering plants are divided into to large groups: monocots and dicots
• Monocot means there is one seed leaf ( Cotyledon) in the seed. Dicot means two seed leaves.
Vegetative vs reproductive
• Annual herbaceous plant• Leaves, stems and roots are vegetative but can
be used in asexual reproduction• Flowers, seeds are sexual reproductive parts
Inside a herbaceous stem
Inside a woody stem
Cell types
• Parenchyma • Schlerenchyma
• 3 year old woody twig
Modified stems- often used in propagation
• Spur• Sucker• Stolon• crown
• Rhizome• Tuber• Bulb• Corm
Leafa stem appendage with a bud at it’s base
Leaf types
Leaf margins
Leaf shapes
leaf
Buds
• Axillary• Terminal• Bud scales ( temperate)• Chilling requirements• Leaf/flower/mixed
Roots/ Function
• Absorb water and nutrients
• Anchor the plant in the soil
• Support the stem• Food storage• propagation
• First to emerge from the seed
• Positive geotaxis• No nodes• No leaves or flowers
Root vs Stem
Root cross sectionStem cross section
Roots
• Tap root ( dicot)• Fibrous roots
( monocot)• Lateral /secondary
root/branch root• Generally extend
beyond the top
Flowers
• Sexual reproduction• Built to attract
pollinators• People can be
considered pollinators
• Can be perfect (complete)
• Unisexual• Plants can be
monoecious or dioecious
Basic plant life cycle
• Dormancy: seeds or buds fail to grow when given good conditions.
• Vegetative: seedling to Juvenile
• Reproductive: when plant is large enough to flower
• Senescence: ripening of seed, and fruit, leaf drop
Dormancy
• Hormonal dormancy– Timed by hormones
many temperate plants show this ex. Apple trees
• Environmental dormancy– Cold or dryness keeps seed
from germinating
• Other types in seed dormancy
Vegetative growth
• The plant has to reach its mature stage before it can start flowering. In tomatoes this happens in 30+ days after transplant to the garden. In Apple trees it can be 5-7 years
Reproductive Growth
Primary Metabolism
• Photosynthesis– Sunlight– Chloroplasts in a live
plant– Carbon dioxide– Energy is changed from
light to chemical energy ( sugars)
– Oxygen released– Water is used and
produced
• Respiration– Energy is released from
sugars for plant energy– Oxygen is used– Water is used and
produced– CO2 is produced– Happens in dark and in
light– Occurs in all living cells
( mitochondria)
Photosynthesis
CO2+ H20 +sunlight +green plant C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O
RespirationC6H12O6 + O2+ H2O CO2+ H20 + 36 ATP
Transpiration
99 % of the water that enters the plant is used in Transpiration, 1% in metabolism
Plant growth Regulators
• Plant hormones or other chemicals that influence growth of plants.–Auxins -Gibberellins–Cytokinins -Abscisic Acid– Ethylene