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BasicBasic Microbial EcologyMicrobial Ecology
Supplemental instruction
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.net www.science-i.com
Picture from http://microbemagic.ucc.ie/about_microbes/good_bad_ugly.html
Fall 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class
Microbes Microbes - provide the oxygen and nitrogen that all living beings require. ___________, Bioremediation
““Life on earth as we know it would not exist without the Life on earth as we know it would not exist without the activity of microbes.”activity of microbes.”
Without microbesWithout microbes -the earth would be a gigantic, permanent waste dump.
decomposers
http://www.laptoplunches.co.uk/Waste_less.html
Picture from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Prokaryotes/index.html
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Biochemical recyclingBiochemical recycling
1) Producers1) Producers -convert CO2 & inorganic materials into _________________. “waste” useful material for other organisms.
-the first in the food chain. - eg) Plants, algae (photosynthetic) in aerobic, Cyanobacteria, and other bacteria in anaerobic condition.
:require the activities of organisms___________________________________________ Producers, consumers, & detrivores(=decomposers)
organic materials
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Small_cotton_plants.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg
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2) Consumers2) Consumers -metabolize the organic matter synthesized by the ( producers / consumers / detrivores). - __________________
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http://turbinaria.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/vorticella15.jpg
protozoa, most animals
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3) Decomposers3) Decomposers -Most microbes Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa -Digest or convert dead organism or decay matter into small molecules used by ( producers / consumers / detrivores ).
*Insect and earth worms as well.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earthworm.jpg
http://www.marietta.edu/~spilatrs/biol202/microid/images/protozoa.jpg
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/foodchain/decomposers.htmPicture from http://misslorisbiohome.com/we/organization%20of%20life/nutinter(org).html
EutrophicationEutrophication-Overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria. by overuse of phosphate: detergents, fertilizers in agriculture. Blocks out light and exhausts ___(Hypoxic) Death of resident fish and aquatic animals.
* The decomposition of the algae fuels bacterial growth, whose metabolism consumes oxygen.
http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/arbeitspakete/nova6/index_EN
http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentprojects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpage.html
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O2
Nutrient cycling by microbes Nutrient cycling by microbes - ____________________ - ____ organisms need. - ____ organisms are composed of organic molecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrate. - All organic molecules contain __________.
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Carbon(C), Nitrogen(N), Sulfur (S), Phoshorus(P)All
Carbon (C)
All
Alterations in Nutrient Cycles Can Contribute to ____________.
http://www.sccwrp.org/view.php?id=83
Eutrophication
http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentprojects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpage.html
Carbon(C) cycleCarbon(C) cycle• ______________ -use CO2 to produce sugars.(inorganic organic)
- Plant, algae, ___________.• ______________ (organic inorganic)
-feed organic carbon such as sugars -release CO2 by respiration -Most animals, _______• ______________ (organic inorganic)
-degrade organic carbon -some release CO2
Primary producers!
Consumers
Decomposers
cyanobacteria
protozoa
Primary producers
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http://m.b5z.net/i/u/6128582/i/carboncycle.jpg
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/NCEA_Level_1_Science/Contents/Microorganisms/Effects_of_microorganisms
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Nitrogen(N) cycleNitrogen(N) cycle - found in _______ and __________. - 79% N2 in the air. but most organism can’t use it.
-______________ :convert to useful nitrogen for other organisms. :most bacteria, prokaryotes, fungi. : ___________ =fungi +plant symbiosis
-______________________ :remove N-compounds during wastewater treatment. :bacteria
proteins nucleic acids
Nitrogen-fixers
Nitrogen(N2)-former (denitrification)
mycorrhizae
http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/tour/fungi2.html
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Sulfur(S) cycleSulfur(S) cycle -found in some amino acids(proteins), coenzyme -Some prokaryotes reduce S.
Phosphorus(P) cycle Phosphorus(P) cycle -found in nucleic acids, phospholipids, & ATP. -Plant & microbes take up inorganic phosphate. -Decomposer :organic phosphate inorganic phosphate. -Too much phosphate result from detergents, wastewater _____________Eutrophication
http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentprojects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpage.html
-Produced by plants, algae (photosynthetic), cyanobacteria. _______________ -Anaerobes : live without O2
: Bacteria, fungi(yeast)
-Aerobes : utilize O2 to live. : Bacteria, Algae, fungi, protozoa, animals
Where does oxygen come from? What do we mean when we say some microbes utilize oxygen while others do not?
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Prokaryotes/index.html
OxygenOxygen
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Small_cotton_plants.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg
http://www.puregrowthorganics.com/
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primary producers
*We, humans, are aerobes.
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio418/disc11-sex.html
EnergyEnergy - Energy sources: _________________. - form of ATP. - Sunlight : Photosynthesis : convert to chemical bond energy: _______ compound) : plant, algae, cyanobateria chlorophyll.
- Inorganic compound : convert to _______ compound. : prokaryotes - organic compound : convert to _________ compound. : protozoa, animals, fungi
sunlight or chemicals(C,S,N,P)
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Energy is not cycled in the same sense, but is converted to one form to another. What forms of energy can be utilized by microbes?
http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_PAGES/cyanobacteria.htm
organic
organic
inorganic
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/gallery/photos/aspergillus10.html
1) Mutalism (both beneficial) ___________ = fungi +plant roots fungi~ nitrogen fixation plant~ provide sugars
•Lichen = ____________ algae or cyanobacteria – provide sugars fungi – provide by retaining water
•Cellulose-digesting symbiosis Herbivores + _________________ Help to digest cellulose
• Bacteria in the large intestine Help to digest Vitamin K and B.
What is symbiosis? Give an example.
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SymbiosisSymbiosis - living together; love each other ; can be single love.; one side hates the other.
http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/tour/fungi2.html
mycorrhizae
Algae or cyanobacteria+fungi
*Cellulose –undigestible carbohydrate.
bacteria or protozoans
www.naturfoto.cz
love each other.
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1) Commensalism (one beneficial; no harmful) Bacteria living on the skin to get food and others. the host (human) – to get nothing; no harmful
Single love
2) Parasitism (one beneficial; the other harmful) -Parasites Bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths that cause disease.
one side hates the other.
http://www.polconsultant.com/conteduc/immunology/invaders.htm
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/kava/algae2.jpg