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transcript
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Battery Life Challenges on Future Mobile Platforms
Dr. Shreekant (Ticky) S. ThakkarDirector of Mobile Technology
Mobile Platforms GroupIntel Corporation
IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics and DesignAugust 10th, 2004
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DisclaimerActual measurement results may vary depending on the specific hardware and software configuration of the computer system measured, the characteristics of those computer components not under direct measurement, variation in processor manufacturing processes, the benchmark utilized, the specific ambient conditions under which the measurement is taken, and other factors.
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AgendaMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersSummary
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AgendaMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary
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Intel’s Mobility VisionSimple Secure Wireless Connectivity
Best Performance in Form Factor
Exceptional Battery Life
Innovative Form Factors for Your Life Style
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Mobility - - - > Growth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Strong notebook growth in 2003Could point to faster growth trend long term
– >20% y-t-y growth ’02 to ’03
Notebook CAGR 17% (’02-’07)Source: Gartner, Dec ‘03
19%20%
23%
25%
26%28%
30%Mobile % of PCs
Mobility systems expected to be ~60% of volume by 2006*Mobility systems expected to be ~60% of volume by 2006**Source: Intel analysis based on Gartner Qstats Q1-Q3’03
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Mobility - - - > New Lifestyles
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Mobility Is Happening
Usage Model Directions
Digital OfficeDigital Office
Traditional mobile Traditional mobile solution focussolution focus
OnOn--thethe--go go LifestyleLifestyle
Grow notebook usage with solutions
designed for consumers and broader base of business users
Mobile in the Mobile in the Digital HomeDigital Home
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Digital Office Vision
Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities
Integrated Communications (VoIP, Collaboration)
Extended Mobile Access (Always On)
Simple Secure Wireless Connectivity
Exciting New Form Factors (Pen Input, Camera Input)
Location Based Computing (Location Input)
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2005 Digital Office – 14-15” Concept
14-15” All-in-one performance Thin & LightNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology EMA, SNS / OBR, VoIP Camera, Array Microphones, Fingerprint, Smartcard
ConnectivityWLAN 802.11abg, UMTS-GPRS, Bluetooth*
All-around mobile business notebookAll-around mobile business notebook* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
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Mobile Digital Home Vision
Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities
Integrated Communications (VoIP, Collaboration)
Rich Digital Entertainment around the Home (TV, PVR, VoD)
Exciting Form factors beyond clam shells (Camera Input)
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2005 Mobile Digital Home 17” Concept
17” Widescreen portableNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile TechnologyComputer-Media-Communication deviceMedia stack, BT Remote control, HD AudioCamera, array microphones, VoIP HandsetTV display experience
Connectivity802.11abg, Bluetooth*
Mobile Entertainment PCMobile Entertainment PC* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
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On-The-Go Lifestyle Vision
Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities
Integrated Communications (VoIP, Voice, Video, Unified Inbox)
Extended Mobile Access (Always-On, External Displays, WWAN)
Simplified Network Selection
Personal entertainment on road
Location Based Computing
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2005 On-the-Go Lifestyle 12” Concept
12” Detachable tablet / laptopNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology Extended Mobile Access (EMA)Simplified Network Selection (SNS) / One Bill Roaming (OBR)Media Client, Camera, VoIPFingerprint recognition
ConnectivityWLAN 802.11abg, EDGE-GPRS, Bluetooth*
Work around the office or around the worldWork around the office or around the world* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
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Convergence in Mobile Notebooks
Computing: best performance
Communications: Wireless (WLAN, WWAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX, UWB)
Entertainment: Digital Video, TV, MP3, WMA, PVR
Form factor: Clamshells, Tablets, New Portables
Security: Biometrics, TPM, Smartcards, SIM, LT
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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary
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Battery Life BackgroundMost Notebooks are measured with BAPCO’s* MobileMark* 2002 benchmark
Measures Performance and Battery Life for Productivity Workload – assumes typical usage system idle 80% and active 20% of time
For future usage we need to assume two connected scenarios:– Today usage: sleep (not connected), active, idle– Always-on – low power (connected), active, idle
*Third party brands and names are the property of their respective owners
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Battery Life InnovationsIntel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology platform improved Thin and Light platform battery life from under 3hr to > 4hrs w/6 cell battery
Silicon innovations – Intel® Pentium® M processor, Chipsets– Dynamic Voltage Scaling; Aggressive Clock gating, Frequency
scaling, Intel® 2D Smart Display Technology
Platform Innovations – Displays, Power Delivery, HDD, ODD– Lower Power Displays, Display Power Saving Technology, Buffering
Drives, More efficient Voltage Regulators
Longer battery life is desired as users want mobilityLonger battery life is desired as users want mobility
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AgendaDigital Office Vision 2010Digital Office Vision 2010Digital Office Vision 2010Mobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery Life – Energy SourcesNew Usage ModelsNew Usage ModelsNew Usage ModelsSummarySummarySummary
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8-Hr Battery Life Challenges
Battery Life (hr) ≈Input Power Capacity (Whr)
Average Platform Power Consumption (W)
Conventional Battery increasing ~5-10% yearly
Battery Capacity required to meet 8-hour Computing
Bat
tery
Cap
acity
(Whr
) 6-
cell
1865
0
40
80
100
60
‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘07‘06
3-hour Battery Life Extension
3-hour Battery Life Extension
Large Gap for conventional battery to overcomeLarge Gap for conventional battery to overcome
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Emerging Battery Roadmap
Conventional Battery
8-hour Computing Battery Capacity
Bat
tery
Cap
acity
(Whr
) 6-
cell
1865
0
40
80
100
60
‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘07‘06
Adv Li-P
Solid State
Ag-Zn
Fuel Cell
Adv Li-P*
Emerging technologies may bridge the gapEmerging technologies may bridge the gap
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Battery Summary
Battery TypeVolumetric
Energy Density(Whr / L)
Gravimetric Energy Density
(Whr / kg)
Cost($)
Cycle Life(80% charge
retention)
Li-Ion 400 170 Baseline 500
Adv. LiP 600-800 180 Same Same
Ag-Zn 600-800 200 Same
Solid State 800-1000 300 3x
Emerging battery technologies meet 8-hour computing target
Emerging battery technologies meet 8-hour computing target
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Shorter Term Battery Life SolutionsExtended Packs, Drive Bay – E.g., IBM T40 (9 cell), Samsung, Toshiba*, etc can deliver 6+Hrs today
– Heavier, Bulkier – Longer Charge Time
Use Mini Notebooks – E.g., Sony TR3A, IBM X40* can deliver >7hr battery life today with extended packs
– Compromise on Experience– Heavier, Bulkier – Longer Charge Time
*Third party brands and names are the property of their respective owners
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Longer Term Battery Life Solutions
Fast Recharge Battery -10mins– New Chemistry– Smaller Capacity (50-70% of Li-Ion)– Heavier Adapters– Cost
Fuel Cells (Hybrid Battery)– Trickle charge– Regulatory Issues – Bi-products – generate heat, water– Miniaturization required – pumps
Both will require long qualification cyclesBoth will require long qualification cycles
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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary
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CPU7%
MCH14%
ICH3%
MEMORY6%
COM3%CLOCK5%
MISC PLATFORM
9%
LCD30%
HDD9%
ODD3%
PWR LOSS11%
Average Power Contributors 2003 Platforms
Good Thin & Light PlatformSource: Intel Corp.
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Average Power Contributors 2003 Platforms
CPU, 0.80
MCH, 1.56
ICH, 0.30
MEMORY, 0.61
COM, 0.30
CLOCK, 0.50
MISC PLATFORM, 1.00
LCD, 3.20
HDD, 1.00
ODD, 0.30
PWR LOSS, 1.20
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
CPU
MCH
ICH
MEMORY
COM
CLOCK
MISC PLATFORM
LCD
HDD
ODD
PWR LOSS
WATTS
Source: Intel Corp.
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Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology Thin & LightPlatform Average Power Comparison
Power optimizations
can yield >1Hr in Battery Life for same CPU/CS
3.43.63.7
3.93.94.1
4.44.7
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
Sys A Sys B Sys C Sys D Sys D Sys E Sys F Sys G
Thin & Light Platforms
Wat
ts
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology 48Whr Battery Life
Plenty of Opportunity to Improve Battery LifePlenty of Opportunity to Improve Battery Life
Source: Intel Corp.
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LCD DisplayCurrent technology is based on Amophorous TFT, largely driven by conversions of TV LCD
– Trending to higher power (4.5-5.5W Displays) for NB’s
New technology – Low Temperature Poly Silicon (LTPS)– Reduced power (2.8-3W), Thinner, lighter (less components),
Brighter (let’s more light thru – thus reduces Back light)
Longer Term potential– OLED/PLED – eliminate backlight, but currently higher power– Flexible Displays – polymer based
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Display Power Goals & ChallengesKey Areas to focus
– Display subsystem - let more light thru with less energy– Back light - reduce or eliminate back light– Improve power delivery
Challenges– User like higher resolution (XGA, SXGA+, QXGA, UXGA)– Bright screens (150-200+ nits) – note MM’02 uses 60 nits, some
OEMS quote battery life at 30 nits– Larger displays (E.g., 14.4”, 15.4” , 17”)
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Other Display Power Reductions Opportunities
Use camera or light sensor to detect ambient lighting to decrease or increase back light on Notebook
– Can result in 0.5-1W reduction in average power
User presence detect (UPD) – uses camera to detect user is present / absent or attention to control display or system
– Can result significant savings >1-2W on typical usage
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Intel® Pentium® M Processor – Makes Right Hand Turn
Lower Thermal Design Power – Thinner & Lighter FFLower Average Power - Longer Battery Life
Wat
ts/c
m2
1
10
100
1000
1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ
i386i386i486i486
PentiumPentium®®PentiumPentium®® ProPro
PentiumPentium®® IIIIPentiumPentium®® IIIIII
* * ““New Microarchitecture Challenges in the Coming Generations of CMNew Microarchitecture Challenges in the Coming Generations of CMOS Process TechnologiesOS Process Technologies”” –– Fred Pollack, Intel Corp. Micro32 conference key note Fred Pollack, Intel Corp. Micro32 conference key note -- 1999.1999.
PentiumPentium®® 44
PentiumPentium®® MM
Intel® Pentium® M delivers high performance and best performance / wattIntel® Pentium® M delivers high performance and best performance / watt
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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)One µ ARCH implementation – Power and energy control
ClockClock
VccVcc
PowerPower
Switch onThermal orUtilization
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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)PLL relock at lower frequency at same VccFast change – no user experience impact
ClockClock
VccVcc
PowerPower
Short timeO.K with S/W
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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)Vcc drops gradually while CPU activePower savings changes from linear to F3
ClockClock
VccVcc
PowerPower CPU power drops byP=C*V2*F function of F3
Performance drops byFunction of F (Frequency)
Power savings > time increaseEnergy net savings
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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)Vcc is ramped up increasing powerOnce stable – PLL relock at high frequency
ClockClock
VccVcc
PowerPower
Switch Switch BackBack
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Adaptive Energy ControlApplications have dynamic need - require high power high performance bursts
Trade Average power vs. performance as needed – Driven by User thru Operating system ACPI (Max Battery, Max
Performance or Adaptive - Average power control on the fly)
High
Low
High
Low
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Average Power management on Thin & Light NB
0
0.2.
0.4
Ave
rage
CPU
Pow
er [
W]
0
50
100
150
200
Mob
ile M
ark
02 [S
core
]
AveragePowerScore
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
112
600 MHzPower saving (Battery)
1600 MHzPerformance (AC)
1.1
216
0.37
Lowest freq.Lowest freq.
66% PowerEfficiency 1:1.4 - Static
48% Performance
Source: Intel Corp.
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Average Power management on Thin & Light NB
0
0.2.
0.4
Ave
rage
CPU
Pow
er [
W]
0
50
100
150
200
Mob
ile M
ark
02 [S
core
]
AveragePowerScore
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
112
600 MHzPower saving (Battery)
1600 MHzPerformance (AC)
1.1195
216
0.37
600 – 1600ADAPTIVE
0.63
10% Performance43% Power
48% Performance66% PowerEfficiency 1:1.4 - Static
Efficiency 1:4
Source: Intel Corp.
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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummary
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Trends – Straining Battery LifeHigher performance Si (General Purpose, Media, Graphics)
– More Logic, Bigger Caches, Higher Speed Interconnect, Com
Proliferating Usage - Always-Connected, Media Usage
Better Displays - Bigger, Brighter, Higher Resolution
Shrinking Si Geometries – Leakage dominates Idle power
New operating systems – MS Longhorn, 3D User Interface
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Call to ActionDrive System Level Approach to increasing Battery Life
– Newer Display Technologies– Device Performance States (ala DVS in Peripherals)– Lower power platform designs– Turn off devices when not in use
Drive to address leakage power on all Silicon
Drive low average power on all Si - CPU, Chipset, Graphics
Drive software to be power state aware (e.g., remove loops)
Drive development of higher density energy and fast renewable sources