BELLWORKMinerals - A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal line structure.

Inorganic – was never living.

MINERALS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST

Chapter 13 – Section 1

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do the physical characteristics and chemical properties of minerals determine how they are used by humans?

Mineral A naturally formed, inorganic solid

that has a definite crystalline structure.

Organic – derived from living things. Inorganic – not made of living things.

To Find Out if Something is a Mineral, Ask These 4 Questions…

Is it a non-living thing? All minerals are inorganic.

Is it a solid? All minerals are solids.

Does it have a crystalline structure? Minerals are crystals and have a repeating inner

structure. Is it formed in nature?

Minerals can not be man-made.

Crystalline Structure A crystal’s

shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms or molecules within the crystal.

Copper Sulfate - Triclinic

Salt – Isometric (cubic)

Quartz - Hexagonal

2 Groups of Minerals Silicates - Minerals that contain a combination of silicon,

oxygen and one or more metals. Quartz Feldspar Mica

Nonsilicates – Minerals that do not contains compounds of silicon and oxygen. Native Elements – minerals composed of only one element such as copper. Carbonates – minerals that contain carbon and oxygen in their chemical

makeup such as calcite. Halides – form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine or bromine combine with sodium,

potassium or calcium such as fluorite. Oxides – form when an element combines with oxygen such as corundum. Sulfates – minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen such as gypsum. Sulfides – minerals that contain elements such as lead, iron or nickel, that

combine with sulfur such as galena.

BELLWORKWhat are the 4 questions you must ask to determine if something is a mineral?

IDENTIFYING MINERALS

Chapter 13 – Section 2

Hi! My name is

Bob!

Identifying MineralsColorLusterStreakCleavage and FractureHardnessDensitySpecial Properties

Color Not the best way to identify a mineral.

Luster The way a mineral reflects light.

Streak The mineral in its powdered form.

Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage – mineral breaks along

smooth, flat surfaces. Fracture – mineral breaks along either

curved or irregular surfaces.

Chonchoidal fracture is a smooth curved fracture.

Hardness Minerals resistance to being

scratched. Mohs’ Hardness Scale

(1 softest to 10 hardest)1. Talc2. Gypsum3. Calcite4. Fluorite5. Apatite6. Feldspar7. Quartz8. Topaz9. Corundum10. Diamond

Fingernail 2.5

Penny 3

Knife Blade 5.5

Glass 6-7

Steel File 7+

Mnemonic That Girl Can Fly Across Oceans Quietly Trailing Cosmic Dust

Special PropertiesFluorescenceMagnetismChemical ReactionTasteOptical PropertiesRadioactivity

Mohs’ Chant Color, luster, hardness, streak (repeat)Mineral I.D. isn’t for the meek (repeat)Color isn’t a reliable sight (repeat)Luster is how it reflects light (repeat)Streak is the mineral in powdered form

(repeat)1 to 10 is hardness norm (repeat)Can it scratch it? (repeat)

Fingernail 1, 2 Penny 3, 4 Knife blade 5, 6Steel file 7, 8It can scratch glass 9, 10

BELLWORKList the minerals of the Mohs’ Hardness Scale in order from 1 to 10.

THE FORMATION, MINING AND USE OF

MINERALSChapter 13 – Section 3

The Formation of Minerals

Hot Water Solutions

Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma. It then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution. Dissolved metals

and other elements crystallize out o the hot fluid

to form new minerals.

LimestonesSurface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas

where they crystallize on the

bottom.

Evaporating Salt Water

When a body of salt water dries up, minerals are left behind and crystallize as

the water evaporates.

Metamorphic RockWhen changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical

makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place. Pegmatites

As magma moves upward, it can form

teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatities.

PlutonsAs magma rises upward

through the crust, it sometimes stops moving

before it reaches the surface and cools slowly,

forming millions of mineral crystals. Eventually the

entire magma body solidifies to form a pluton.

Types of Mines Surface Mines

Located at or near the surface. Open pits Surface coal mines Quarries

Subsurface Mines Located deep

within the Earth. Shaft mines Slope mines Drift mines

The Effects of Mining Before After

Responsible Mining Reclamation

The process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed.