Bellwork• Why do different

firefly species have their own flash pattern?

Animal BehaviorChapter 45

Animals do some strange things…

Animals do some strange things…

But the real question is – WHY?

It’s all about survival!• Evolutionary perspective…

– part of phenotype– acted upon by natural selection

• lead to greater fitness?• lead to greater survival? • lead to greater reproductive success?

Animal Behavior• How does the behavior increase survival?Use of Pheromones Cooperation

Agonistic behaviorHabituation

Imprinting

Animal Behavior• PROXIMATE CAUSATION – “How?”

– What is the stimulus for the response?

• ULTIMATE CAUSATION – “Why?”– What benefit does performing this behavior have?

HOW does day length influence breeding? WHY do cranes breed in spring?

HOW does day length influence breeding? WHY do cranes breed in spring?

When a female cat comes into heat, she urinates more frequently and in a large

number of places. Male cats from the neighborhood

congregate near urine deposits and fight with each other.

Practice AP Test Questions

Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?

A. It announces to the males that she is in heat.B. Female cats that did this in the past attracted

more males.C. It is a result of hormonal changes associated

with her reproductive cycle.D. The female cat saw other cats doing it, and it

worked for them.E. In the past, when she did it, more males were

attracted.

Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's

urinating behavior?A. The males have learned to recognize the specific odor

of the urine of a female in heat.B. By smelling the odor, various neurons in the males'

brains are stimulated.C. Male cats respond to the odor because it is a means

of locating females in heat.D. Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor

released by the female.E. The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive

behavior of the males.

Nature vs. Nurture• Some behavior stems from genetics

– May have gene that controls:• Release of a hormone which triggers a behavior• Direction of migration• Whether a fruit fly knows its mating dance

• Some behavior comes from the environment– Cross-fostering: allow a parent of one species to

raise offspring of another and see how behavior changes

Animal Behavior connects AP Biology topics.

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Evolution Cell Communication

Cellular Energetics

Genetics

Biochemistry

Ecology

Cell Structure

Animal Form and Function

Make a Concept Map connecting:

Proximate Cause Ultimate Cause Fixed Action Pattern

Imprinting Trial and Error Kinesis

Taxis Pheromones Landmarks

Cognitive Map Cognition Agonistic Behavior

Altruism Critical Period Habituation