Bill Ontology Summit (08 feb 1400hrs) v2

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Ontology Summit 12 February 2013

Bill Mandrick, PhD

Senior Ontologist

Agenda

• Background

• Previous Information Revolutions

• Ontology Defined

• Snapshot of the Method

• Return On Investment

Background

Horizontal Integration (HI) of

Warfighter Intelligence

…the ability to

exploit multiple data sources as if they are

one

5

Warfighters’ Information Sharing Environment

Fire

Support

Logistics Air Operations

Intelligence

Civil-Military

Operations

Targeting

Maneuver

&

Blue

Force

Tracking

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary

Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary

of Military and Related Terms

Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations

Joint Publication 3-13 Joint Command

and Control

Joint Publication 3-24

Counterinsurgency

Joint Publication 3-57 Civil-Military

Operations

JP 3-10, Joint Security Operations in

Theater

Joint Publication 3-16 Multinational

Operations

Joint Publication 5-0 Joint Operations

Planning

Authoritative References

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/

Warfighter Lexicon Controlled Vocabulary Stable Horizontally Integrated Common Operational Picture

6

7

Ontology(ies) that enables interoperability among members of an Operations Center

and other warfighters.

8

JP 3-0

Operations

JP 2-0

Intelligence

JP 6-0

Comm

Support

JP 4-0

Logistics

JP 3-16

Multinational

Operations

JP 3-33

JTF

Headquarters

JP 1-02

DoD Dictionary

Civil-Military Operations

Area of Operations X X X X

Area of Responsibility X

X

X X

X

C2 Systems X

X

X X

Doctrinal Publications

Consistent Terminology (Data Elements, Names and Definitions)

Area of Interest X X

X

Key: word for word

Horizontal Integration of

Information

Joint Publication 6-02

Under Development

2013

A Joint Publication for H.I. needs to be developed

9

Conclusion • Two Types of Integration

– Organizational (Cultural)

– Technical

• Operations Centers are Organizationally Integrated

• Joint Doctrine is the Warfighter’s Lexicon

• Lexicons and Controlled Vocabularies supposed to advance technical integration, but they fail

• Completely new approach is needed

Information Integration Revolutions

12

Coordinated (Massing) Artillery Fires (1910-1940)

Dowding Radar System (1940 Battle of Britain)

1800’s Cartographic Revolution *DOTMLPF

Interoperable Semantics (example: Anatomy & Physiology)

• Standardized Labels

• Anatomical Continuants

• Physiological Occurrents

• Teachable

• Inferencing

• Horizontally Integrated

• Sharing of Observations

• Accumulated Knowledge

13

Ontology Defined

Ontology Defined

Ontology is the science of representing, defining, and relating the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality.

An ontology is an exhaustive classification of entities in

some sphere of being, which results in the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain.

(e.g. Physics, Biology, Medicine, Intelligence, etc.).

15 www.militaryontology.com

Ontology Defined

www.militaryontology.com 16

“...partial semantic account of the intended conceptualization of a

logical theory...”

Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO)

Environment Ontology (EnvO)

Infectious Disease

Ontology (IDO*)

Biological Process

Ontology (GO*)

Cell Ontology

(CL)

Cellular Component

Ontology (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic

Quality Ontology

(PaTO) Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)

Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular

Function (GO*) Protein Ontology

(PRO*)

Extension Strategy + Modular Organization 17

top level

mid-level

domain level

Information Artifact Ontology

(IAO)

Ontology for Biomedical

Investigations (OBI)

Spatial Ontology (BSPO)

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)

Levels of Ontology

Common Upper Ontology (BFO)

Mid-Level Ontologies

Low-Level Ontologies

Guarantees consistency and interoperability at

lower levels

Developed by Domain Subject Matter Experts

Organizing effect similar to the JP’s…act as a nexus between lower and upper

levels

Dealing with Time

Building

instance_of Educational Facility

Production Facility

Storage Facility

has_role at t1

Artifact

is_a

has_role at t2

has_role at t3

Warehouse Manager Role

Key Leader Role

Brother Role

Person

Agent

instance_of

is_a

has_role at t1

has_role at t2

has_role at t3

Dealing with Time

21

Orders of Reality

1st Order Reality as it is.

2nd Order Participant perceptions, ideas,

thoughts, goals…

3rd Order. Records, data, symbols,

models…

The gaps between the orders of reality introduce risk. These gaps are not the only form of risk but reducing these gaps contributes to reducing risk.

Ontology Types

Asserted (Reference) Ontology

created manually by its ontology developers to conform to certain principles, the most important of which concerns the explicit declaration of the is_a relations between its terms.

Inferred (Application) Ontology

results when multiple asserted ontologies (or portions of asserted ontologies) are merged – which means: combined

together into a single ontology – and an automatic reasoner is used to infer new relations on the basis of the merged

content.

Asserted Ontologies Region.water.distanceBetweenLatrinesAndWaterSource

Tribal Region

Area Of Operations

Geospatial Region

Village

Water Source

Latrine

Well

Pond

Cesspool Act Of Measurement

Act Of Analysis

Act Of Observation

Act

Measurement Result

Depth Measurement

Result

Height Measurement Result

Distance Measurement Result

Geographic Coordinates

Latitude Longitude

Coordinates

Military Grid Reference System

Coordinates Universal

Transverse Mercator

Coordinates

Relating Asserted Ontologies Region.water.fecalOrOralTransmittedDiseases

Virus

Protozoan

Microorganism

Bacterium

Water Source

Latrine

Well

Pond

Cesspool Pathogen

Role

Consumable Role

Medicinal Role

Role

Disease

Hepatitis A

Shigellosis Cholera

Event

Contamination Event

Epidemic Event

Disease Transmission

Event

has_role

has_location

part_of cause_of

Ontologies We Have

• Agent Ontology (Person and Organization)

• Artifact Ontology (Technical, Facility…)

• Emotion Ontology

• Event Ontology (Natural, Mil Ops, IED…)

• Geospatial Feature Ontology

• Information Artifact (Name, Grid Coordinates, Measurement, Map, Image, Report…)

• Infectious Disease Ontology

• etc…

Admin Page

Every term in the ontology will have an authoritative definition and unique ID

Every term in the ontology will have an authoritative definition and unique ID

Person Roles

To create ontologies which evolve consistently is very hard… very, very hard…

but the ROI is worth it!

Snapshot of the Method

Repeatable Processes

Developed though repeated observation, abstraction, and

documentation

32 The Repeatable Targeting Process

The Repeatable Process for the...

Military Decision Making

Process (MDMP)...

as depicted in Doctrine

This is a highly refined and documented process

All Leaders, Planners, and Decision-Makers are well

versed in the MDMP

33

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Scoping the Domain

35

Scope the Domain

Subject Matter Expert (SME) Interaction

Identify Authoritative References

Survey Authoritative References

Define the Domain

Describe the Domain

Devise Metrics

36

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary

Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary

of Military and Related Terms

Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations

Joint Publication 3-13 Joint Command

and Control

Joint Publication 3-24

Counterinsurgency

Joint Publication 3-57 Civil-Military

Operations

JP 3-10, Joint Security Operations in

Theater

Joint Publication 3-16 Multinational

Operations

Joint Publication 5-0 Joint Operations

Planning

Authoritative References

http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/ 37

38

What is the baseline definition/description for this domain? What are the primary activities involved in this domain? What are the subordinate activities in this domain? Who participates in these activities? What environment do these activities take place in? What are the intended outcomes of these activities? What are the intended products of these activities? What information is consumed in these activities? Who consumes this information? What information is produced by these activities?

Where is this information found?

Where is this information stored?

What organizations are involved in this domain?

How are these organizations related?

What do these outputs contribute to?

What is the relation between agents and organizations in this domain?

What are the ultimate goals for the domain?

What are the subordinate goals for the domain?

What larger enterprise/objective does this domain contribute to?

What happens if these activities fail to produce their intended outcomes?

Metrics: 20 Questions for C2 Related Domains

39

Create Initial Lexicon

40

Joint Operation Planning Process: Planning activities associated with joint military operations by combatant commanders and their subordinate joint force commanders in response to contingencies and crises. Joint operation planning includes planning for the mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization of joint forces. (Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations)

Planning Activity Joint Military Operation Combatant Commander

Subordinate Joint Force

Commander

Contingency Event

Crisis Event

Mobilization Event

Deployment Event

Employment Event

Sustainment Event

Redeployment Event

Demobilization

Joint Force Planning Process Response

Building the Domain Lexicon

41

Definitions

Attack Geography:

A description of the geography surrounding the IED

incident, such as road segment, buildings, foliage,

etc. Understanding the geography indicates enemy

use of landscape to channel tactical response, slow

friendly movement, and prevent pursuit of enemy

forces.

IED Attack Geography:

A Geospatial Region where some IED Incident takes

place.

IED Attack Geography Description:

A Description of the physical features of some

Geospatial Region where an IED Incident takes

place.

Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)

42

Method of Emplacement:

A description of where the device was delivered, used, or

employed. (original definition)

Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)

Method of IED Emplacement: A systematic procedure used in the positioning of an Improvised Explosive Device. Method of IED Emplacement Description: A description of the systematic procedure used in the positioning of an Improvised Explosive Device.

Example 2: Method of Emplacement

43

Example 3: Method of Employment

Method of Employment:

A description of where the device was delivered, used, or

employed. (original definition)

Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)

Method of IED Employment: A systematic procedure used in the delivery of an Improvised Explosive Device. Method of IED Employment Description: A description of the systematic procedure used in the delivery of an Improvised Explosive Device.

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Create Initial Ontology

46

Revisions Process

with SME’s

SME Feedback

Military Ontology is the task of establishing and representing the salient types of entities and relations in a given domain (Battlespace)

47

Ontology Review

Publish and Share

48

MilPortal

Ontology Name Terms Contact

Emotion Ontology 320 Janna Hastings

Facility Ontology 349 Ron Rudnicki

Geospatial Feature Ontology 321 USGS

Human Physical Characteristic Ontology 233 I2WD

Infectious Disease Ontology 508 Lindsay Cowell

Information Artifact Ontology 485 Ron Rudnicki

Organization Ontology 289 Bill Mandrick

Social Event Ontology 215 WWHGD WG

Threat Ontology 259 Bill Mandrick

Return On Investment

• Prerequisite for H.I.

• Standardized Process

• DOTMLPF driven

• Perspective Neutral

• Evolutionary Process

• Modular and Extensible

• Facilitate Inter-Organizational Semantics

• Avoid Redundancies

Collaboration

• DoD CIO Office of Information Sharing

• NSA

• NGA

• JIEDDO

• World Wide Human Geography Data Working Group (WWHGD-WG)

• Others…

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