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Animal Development
bio3
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Pre-embryonic Development
ranges from GAMETOGENESIS to
FERTILIZATION
Oogenesis-differentiation of egg cellinto animal and vegetative hemispheres
animal pole (nucleus)
vegetal pole (yolk)
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During fertilization, the egg and sperm
nuclei fuse forming a zygote--
AMPHIMIXIS
Pre-embryonic Development
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Embryonic Development
Involves three main features:Cell division and growth
Morphogenesis
Differentiation
Has four stages: Cleavage
Gastrulation Organogenesis
Histological differentiation
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CLEAVAGE
The sea urchinEmbryo
MORULA BLASTULA
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The Toad Embryo
Toad eggs Mesolecithal (moderate
amount of yolk)
CLEAVAGE cell division without growth
- in toads, cleavage furrows
pass through the entire eggHOLOBLASTIC or total
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GASTRULATION certain cells begin to
push or invaginate
- the three germ layersare produced: ectoderm (outer layer),
endoderm (inner layer) and mesoderm
(produced by the migration of dorsal lip
of blastopore in between the ectodermand endoderm
The Toad Embryo
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Gastrulation
Embryonic germ layer Vertebrate adult structure
Ectoderm (outer layer) Epidermis of the skin, epithelial lining of mouth
and rectum, nervous system
Mesoderm (middle
layer)
Skeleton, muscular system, dermis of the skin,
circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems,most epithelial linings, outer layers of
respiratory and digestive systems
Endoderm (inner layer) Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory
tracts, associated glands of these enzymes,
epithelial lining of urinary bladder
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Organogenesis-- NEURULATION
establishment of the nervous system
The Toad Embryo
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The Toad Embryo
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The Chick Embryo
Chick eggs POLYLECITHAL (large
amount of yolk)
CLEAVAGE restricted to a small area,cytoplasmic disk; furrow do not cut
across the entire cytoplasm
MEROBLASTIC
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Chick embryo development
http://crazy-desktop-wallpaper.blogspot.com/2007/05/stages-of-chick-embryo-development.html
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GASTRULATION
The Chick Embryo
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GASTRULATION primitive streak stage
The Chick Embryo
13-16hrs
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Head fold stage (21hrs)
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Early somite stage (36-40hrs)
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Flexion-torsionstage (60 hrs) Limb bud stage(96 hrs)
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The Chick Embryo
Organogenesis head fold stage (21 hrs),
early somite stage (36-40 hrs), and
flexion-torsion stage (60hrs)
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Extra-Embryonic Membranes
CHORION lies next to the shell; carries
on gas exchange
AMNION membrane around the fetus;with protective amniotic fluid which
bathes the embryo
ALLANTOIS collects nitrogenous wastes
YOLK SAC surrounds the remaining
yolk, which provides nourishment
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Extra-Embryonic Membranes
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The HumanEmbryo
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Cleavage occurs over several days following
fertilization. The zygote divides as it travels through
the oviduct. By the time the cilia of the oviduct
deliver the embryo to the uterus, the embryo is a ball
of cells called a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants
in the endometrium.
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A blastocyst forms nearly a
week after fertilization
Four membranes
protect and nourish the
embryo, which consists
of three tissue layers.
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Nutrients and waste products are exchanged between the fetus and the
mother within the placenta. The umbilical vein (red) carries oxygen-rich
blood and nutrients to the fetus. The umbilical arteries are blue,
indicating that they carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products
away from the fetus.
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Placental circulation: materials are exchanged by
diffusion, active transport, and selective absorption.
Not by direct blood contact.
Structure and function of the placenta video
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During labor, hormones stimulate the uterus to contract. The
contractions push the baby out of the mother's body.
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The Process of Birth
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Post-Embryonic Development
Metamorphosis transformation of the
immature stage or larva to adult stage
Insects exhibit 2 types ofmetamorphosis:
Hemimetabolous (incomplete)metamorphosis- cockroach
Holometabolous (complete)metamorphosis- butterfly
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Post-Embryonic Development
Hemimetabolous
metamorphosis
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Holometabolous metamorphosis
Post-Embryonic Development
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