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BIOAVAILABILITY OFMINERALS
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Defnitions The proportion o the element consume th!t is utili"#iochemic!l or ph$siolo%ic unction &O'Dell( )**+,
A me!sure o the proportion o the tot!l !mount o ! th!t is utili"e or norm!l #o$ unctions &F!ir-e!ther
The e%ree to -hich !n in%este nutrient in ! p!rticu!#sor#e in ! orm th!t c!n #e utili"e in met!#olism!nim!l &Ammerm!n et !l/( )**0,
The r!ction o the in%este nutrient th!t is utili"e oph$siolo%ic!l unctions or stor!%e &1!c2son( )**+,
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• First basic law of nutrition3 No nutrient is !#sor#e !n
utili"e to the ull e4tent th!
eSteven Blezi
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5h$ to 6no- !#outBio!7!il!#ilit$ 8
• 9roper miner!l supplement!tion&2no-le%e o miner!l !7!il!#ilee supplements use commo
• :ost economics/&inor%!nic o7eror%!nic comple4es,
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;o- is Bio!7!il!#ilit$ !ccess
• T-o !ppro!ches !re commonl$ !o),In 7i7o
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In 7i7o• Anim!l perorm!nce
• Di%estion>A#sorption coe?cient• :onc/ In Tissues &Imp is!7 -ith #one
stuies,
• Tot!l miner!l content in #o$
• Bloo p!r!meters
• :oncentr!tions in secret!r$ @uis
• :oncentr!tions in urine
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Suit!#le criteri! or estim!tin%#io!7!il!#ilit$
Species Criterion
Pigs Growth, Bone and Plasma Zn, Plasma APhosphatase
Chicks Growth, Bone Zn
Ruminants Growth, Plasma Zn, Plasma Alkaline Ph
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Suit!#le :riteri! For Estim!tin% :Bio!7!il!#ilit$
Species Criterion
Nonruminants Bile Cu? Plasma iamine !"idase?
Ruminants Plasma and li#er Cu, Plasma Ceruloplasmi
Plasma iamine !"idase
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Relative Bioavailability-More pra
Comparision of mineral retention from two or mdifferent rates of intake has been assessed.
Partial body retention or enzyme responses or ab prevent defeciency conditions or rates of excretion
An eg;-- !"ell et al.# reported that $n in wheat
and non-fat milk was '(% )' and *+, as available as that in $inc carbonate.
Ch i l f i l i
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Chemical &orms of race inerals in P
aterialsinerals &orms in Plants
$inc Anionic complexes; fiber associated; phytate com
Copper /eutral or anionic complexes; fiber associated; ph
0elenium 0elenomethionine; selenite; selenate
1ron &erritin; porphyrins; anionic complexes; ferric hyd
anganese 2argely unknown
1odine 1odide ion
olybdenum olybdate ion
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Miner!l SourcesMiner!l Supplement Empiric!l ormul! Miner!l concentr!tion &percent, Rel!ti7e #io!7!il!#ilit$ &RV,
:!lcium :!lcium c!r#on!te :!:O )CC/CC
Bone me!l 7!ri!#le
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Factors Afecting Bioavailabil
:hemic!l orm o the Miner!l
Amount o miner!l in the iet
Amount store in the #o$
Anti.Nutrition!l !ctors present in the :oncentr!tion o other Miner!ls
Other !ctors inclue Anim!l rel!te !nEn7ironment!l rel!te !ctors/
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HOW TO IMPROVE BIOAVAILAB
REMOVAL OF ANTI.N=TRITIONAL FA
&Biolo%ic!l oo processin% techniGues th!t incre!se the !the n!ti7e en"$mes !re so!2in%( %ermin!tion( h$rothe
tre!tment !n erment!tion/,
=SINH ORHANI: MINERAL :OM9LE
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Classi$ication o$ orgaClassi$ication o$ orga
mineralsminerals
%& 'etal (speci$ic amino acid)
Comple"
*& 'etal Amino acid Comple"
+& 'etal Amino acid Chelate
& 'ineral proteinnates
-& 'ineral pol.saccharide com
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Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
resulting $rom comple"ing a solu1le me
speci$ic amino acid& 'inimum metal mu
2hen used as a commercial $eed ingred
declared as a speci$ic metal, i&e& copper
3inc l.sine comple" etc&
3xamples are4•Copper lysine complex $inc lysi
•&erric methionine complex $inc methio
•anganese methionine complex
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Metal Amino acid Complex / Product resulting $rom comp
a solu1le metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc)
amino acid(s)& 'inimum metal content must declared when
a commercial $eed ingredient&
3xamples are4
• 1ron amino acid complex
• Calcium amino acid complex
• Potassium amino acid complex
• anganese amino acid complex
Metal Amino acid Chelate / 0he product resulting $rom the rea
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Metal Amino acid Chelate / 0he product resulting $rom the rea
a metal ion $rom a solu1le metal salt with amino acids, with a mo
o$ one mole o$ metal to one to three (pre$era1l. two) moles o$
acids to $orm coordinate co#alent 1onds&
Amino acids molecular weight must 1e appro"imatel. %-4 the C
molecular weight must not e"ceed 544& 0he minimum metal
must 1e declared& 2hen used as a commercial $eed ingredient,
3xamples are4
56Calcium amino acid chelate +6Cobalt amino acid c
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Metal proteinate is the prod
resulting from the chelation
solublesalt with amino acids a
partially hydrolyzed protein. 1t m
declared as a ingredient as the sp
proteinate.
3xamples are4
•Copper proteinate
•$inc proteinate
•agnesium proteina
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Metal Polysaccharide Complex
product resulting $rom comple"ing
salt with a pol.saccharide solution dingredient as the speci$ic metal comp
3xamples are4
•Copper polysaccharide complex
•1ron polysaccharide complex
Mode of action
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Mode of action
Sta1le in rumen en#ironment 6 a1om
eli#ered in small intestine as su
A1sor1ed through acti#e transport (mo
le#el)
7t act as 1iological comple" (more tiss
8nter into di$$erent pool
'eta1oli3a1le in di$$erentl.( Neather. e
(Pharmaco;d.anamics nutrient) (usin
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I!"ortance o# Organic !co!"le$es%
)st concept. St!#ilit$ :on
Less inter!ction -ith 7it!Min premi4es
Better perorm!nce th!nsupplements &5e!nin% -ec!l7es e -ith Jn>Mn met
o7er Jn>Mn o4ie,
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ConclusionsChelated minerals usually cost more
metal element% than the same metal in ino
7istorically the argument against chincreased use of inorganics was more
feeding chelates.
7owever% there is indication
situations8high producers 9 0tressed :achieve biologic endpoints that inorganic
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Re#erences
• Bio!7!il!#ilit$ o m!cro !n microminer!ls in !nim!ls. R/ S/ D!ss
• Bio!7!il!#ilit$ o miner!ls in Li7estFees !n Fee Supplements. 1/ V/
R!m!n!• Online !rticles !n Euc!tion!l 7ie TNO
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Thank You
:;INNAM ;ARIS;6;ANNAHVM>C).