Biochemistry:Carbohydrates & Lipids

Unit 3Unit 3

Macromolecules

Very large molecules that Very large molecules that make most of the structure of make most of the structure of the bodythe body

monomers

polymer

Carbohydrates

I. Macromolecules

B. CarbohydratesB. Carbohydrates1. 1. MonoMonomer: ____________________mer: ____________________2. 2. PolyPolymer: _____________________mer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: ________________5. Examples: ________________

monosaccharide (sugar)polysaccharide (starch)rings of carbon

with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O energy, plant

structuresucrose, cellullose

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates include:Carbohydrates include: Simple sugars: small Simple sugars: small sugar molecules in soft sugar molecules in soft

drinksdrinksComplex Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in Long starch molecules in

pasta and potatoespasta and potatoes

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Monosaccharides

GlucGlucoseose is found is found in sports drinksin sports drinks

Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”

-OSE ending means SUGAR

Question???

What does the suffix –ose mean?What does the suffix –ose mean?

SugarSugar

Where are Where are glucoseglucose molecules found? molecules found?In sodas, candies, any sweet In sodas, candies, any sweet snackssnacks

Where would you find fructose?Where would you find fructose?

FruitFruit77

Examples of Carbohydrates

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Disaccharides

A disaccharide is A disaccharide is a double sugara double sugar

They’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)

Di = 2

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Disaccharides

Common disaccharides Common disaccharides includeinclude::

SucrSucroseose (table sugar (table sugar))LactLactoseose (Milk Sugar) (Milk Sugar)

MaltMaltoseose (Grain sugar (Grain sugar))

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Disaccharides

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Polysaccharides

Complex Complex carbohydratescarbohydrates

Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains

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Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

Question??

What does the prefix poly- mean again? What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-?Mono-?

Many, oneMany, one

Polymers of monosaccharide chains Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what?means what?

many sugar monomers linked togethermany sugar monomers linked together1414

Lipids

II. Macromolecules

LipidsLipids1. Monomer: __________1. Monomer: __________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________

fatty acid

lipid or fat3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol

moleculeenergy, structure, warmthfat, oil,

cholesterol

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Function of Lipids

Fats store energy, helps to insulate Fats store energy, helps to insulate the bodthe bodyy, , cushion and protect cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell organs, and makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)membrane (lipid bilayer)

Lipids

Lipids are molecules that consist of Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolarNONpolar..

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Lipids & Cell Membranes• Cell membranes are Cell membranes are

made of lipids called made of lipids called phospholipidsphospholipids

• Phospholipids have a Phospholipids have a headhead that is polar & that is polar & attract water attract water (hydrophilic)(hydrophilic)

• Phospholipids also have Phospholipids also have 22 tailstails that are nonpolar that are nonpolar and do not attract water and do not attract water (hydrophobic)(hydrophobic)

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Lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic –Lipids are hydrophobic –””water water fearingfearing””

Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils

Do NOT mix with water

FAT MOLECULE

Cell Membrane

Fats in Organisms

Most animal fats have a high Most animal fats have a high proportion of proportion of saturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids & & exist as solids at room temperature exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called are called saturated fatssaturated fats

Fats in Organisms

Most plant oils tend to be low in Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as saturated fatty acids & exist as liquidsliquids at room temperature (oils) at room temperature (oils) these are called these are called unsaturated fatsunsaturated fats

Examples of Lipids

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Biochemistry:Proteins & Nucleic Acids

Unit 3Unit 3

III. Macromolecules

D. ProteinD. Protein1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: _____________________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________

amino acid (20)protein or

polypeptidecentral carbon atom withhydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R

groups structure, emergency energyskin, insulin,

enzymes

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Four Types of Proteins

Structural

Contractile

Storage

Transport

Proteins

Proteins are building blocks of Proteins are building blocks of structures called structures called amino acidsamino acids. Proteins . Proteins are what your DNA codes to makeare what your DNA codes to make

A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration synthesis Dehydration synthesis = the building = the building up of large molecules by removing up of large molecules by removing water moleculeswater molecules

Examples of Proteins

EnzymesA. Special proteins that A. Special proteins that

speed chemical speed chemical reactionsreactions1. Chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions

require a certain require a certain _______________ to get _______________ to get started.started.

2. Enzymes decrease 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making this energy, making reactions occur faster.reactions occur faster.

activation energy

Enzymes

B. Lock-and-Key ModelB. Lock-and-Key Model1. Enzymes are not used up by the 1. Enzymes are not used up by the

reaction, but each can only work on reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).one reaction (________________).

2. This is called the lock-and-key 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to one _____. If you want to ““unlockunlock”” another reaction, you need a another reaction, you need a different enzyme.different enzyme.

enzyme specificity

keylock

Enzymes

C. Factors which affect enzymesC. Factors which affect enzymes1. _____________--enzymes, like all 1. _____________--enzymes, like all

proteins, change shape when proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.an optimal temperature range.

2. ____--all enzymes have an 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: optimal range of pH. Example: stomachstomach

3. _____________--having more 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.enzymes makes the reaction faster.

Temperature

pH

Concentration

Enzymes

Biochemistry:Nucleic Acid & ATP

Unit 3Unit 3

III. Macromolecules

E. Nucleic AcidsE. Nucleic Acids1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: _______________5. Examples: _______________

nucleotide (5)

nucleic acid5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate

group stores genetic code

DNA and RNA

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Examples of Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base

(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

Nucleotide

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Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer

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BasesEach DNA Each DNA nucleotide has nucleotide has one of the one of the following bases:following bases:

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

–Adenine (A)

–Guanine (G)

–Thymine (T)

–Cytosine (C)

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Nucleotide Monomers

Form long chains Form long chains called DNAcalled DNA

Backbone

Nucleotide

Bases

DNA strand

Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side

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DNA

Two strands of Two strands of DNA join DNA join together to form together to form a double helixa double helix Base

pair

Double helix

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Ribose Ribose sugar has sugar has an extra –an extra –OH or OH or hydroxyl hydroxyl groupgroupIt has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)

Sugar (ribose)

Phosphategroup

Uracil

IV. ATP

A. ATP stands for _____________________A. ATP stands for _____________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesC. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesD. Lots of energy is stored in the bond D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond

between _____________________________between _____________________________E. When this bond is broken, E. When this bond is broken,

tremendous energy is released.tremendous energy is released.F. The pieces are then reassembled, F. The pieces are then reassembled,

storing more energy for another use. storing more energy for another use.

adenosine triphosphate

the second and third phosphates

3rechargeable battery

Question??

Explain the ATP/ADP process.Explain the ATP/ADP process.

ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bond. When 1 energy is stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group breaks off it releases phosphate group breaks off it releases energy and forming ADP. The addition energy and forming ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and the process continuous over and over.the process continuous over and over.

Macromolecules

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Macromolecules

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