Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications of Future Bioenergy Cropping Systems

transcript

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications for Bioenergy Cropping Systems

Douglas A. Landis

Area 4.4 Biodiversity Responses Team Leader, GLBRC

Professor of Insect Ecology Department of Entomology, Michigan State University

GLBRC Madison

April 19, 2011

!   Background on GLBRC Sustainability Research !   Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services !   Results from the Biodiversity Responses Team !   Implications for Bioenergy Landscapes

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Outline 2

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GLBRC Research Areas 3

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GLBRC Sustainability Research Roadmap

!   Plants !   MI - Kay Gross, Carol Baker, Pam Mosley !   WI - Randy Jackson

!   Microbes !   Tom Schmidt, Tracy Teal, Zarraz Lee !   Carolyn Malmstrom, Abby Schrotenboer, Collin Phillipo

!   Insects !   MI - Doug Landis, Ben Werling, Rufus Isaacs, Julianna Tuell !   WI - Claudio Gratton, Tim Meehan, Hanna Gaines, Heidi Liere

!   Birds !   MI - Bruce Robertson, Patrick Doran, Doug Schemske, !   WI - Tim Meehan

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Biodiversity Team 5

Tscharntke et al. Ecology Letters 2005

Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes

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7 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

!   Ecosystem Services – the benefits people obtain from ecosystems

!   Supporting !   Nutrient cycling, soil formation…

!   Provisioning !   Food, fuel…

!  Regulating !   Pollination, pest suppression...

!  Cultural !   Recreation, aesthetic…

Costanza et al. Nature 1997 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 Swinton et al. Am. J of Agric. Econ. 2006

•  Human popula0on growth

The Challenge

•  Human popula0on growth •  Cropland & pasture/grazing occupies

35% of the ice-‐free land surface –  Foley et al . 2007 PNAS

Cropland

Grazing

The Challenge

•  Human popula0on •  Cropland & pasture/grazing occupies

35% of the ice-‐free land surface –  Foley et al . 2007 PNAS

•  In many of these areas humans are already appropria0ng >50% of NPP

–  Haberl et al. 2007 PNAS

Cropland

Grazing

The Challenge

Agricultural Intensification

! Can we deliver sustainable bioenergy systems that preserve the biodiversity on which agriculture depends?

•  “Declines in species diversity due to agricultural intensifica0on have been documented for:

–  birds (Donald et al. 2001) –  mammals (Sotherton 1998) –  insects (Benton et al. 2002) –  plants (Aebischer 1991) at na0onal and landscape scales.”

Flynn et al. Ecology Letters. 2009

Low Diversity

High Diversity

Switchgrass

Mixed prairie

Poplar trees

Miscanthus Corn-Soybean-Canola

Native grasses

Early successional

Poten0al Produc0on Systems

Arlington, WI

Kellogg Biological Station, MI

Lower Biodiversity §  Annual §  Monoculture §  Exotic §  High input

Higher Biodiversity •  Perennial •  Polyculture •  Native •  Low input

Biofuel Crops and Biodiversity

Corn Switchgrass Mixed prairie

Landis & Werling Insect Science 2010 Gardiner et al. BioEnergy Research 2010

!   Patterns of diversity !   Impact on ecosystem services !   Scale-up to regional models

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Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services

Biodiversity Sampling

!   Plant species richness consistently greatest in prairies and lowest in corn

!   Above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was highest in corn.

!   Relative abundance of important species and functional groups differ

Plant Biodiversity & Yield

Michigan GLBRC Extensive Sites - 2009Annual Above-ground Production

Corn Prairie Switchgrass

Michigan GLBRC Extensive Sites - 2009Relative Abundance

Corn Prairie Switchgrass

Other GrassSOSNUPANVIANOGEFORBSCORN

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Area (m2)

Michigan Extensive Sites - Species RichnessMean +/- Std Error Corn

Prairie

Switchgrass

Species composition was sampled over two years (2008, 2009), n=10

Gross & Baker unpub. data

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

AG ES SF MG DF

Microbes: Methanotrophs

CH4 consumption Methanotroph richness

Methanotroph richness is positively correlated with methane consumption

Methanotroph richness

Treatment 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Corn Switchgrass Prairie

Methanotroph diversity is higher in switchgrass and prairie sites than corn

Levine, Teal, Robertson and Schmidt (2011). The ISME Journal. In press Schmidt & Teal unpub. data

Schrotenboer, A.S., M. Allen, and C.M. Malmstrom. 2011. Global Change Biology Bioenergy (in press).

Differences in virus susceptibility most strongly related to biomass accumulation in switchgrass

Microbes: B/CYDV’s

Microbes: B/CYDV’s and Landscape

!   Landscape diversity influences aphid load

!   Aphid pressure decreases with

increasing landscape diversity within 1.5 km

!   Consistent with patterns of B/

CYDV’s at landscape scales

Corn Switch Prairie

OsmiaMegachileHylaeusHoplitisCeratinaPeponapisMelissodesLasioglossumHalictusEuceraDufoureaCalliopsisBombusAugochlorellaAnthophoraAndrenaAgapostemonApisStelisSphecodesNomada

Vertical striped bars indicate clepto-parasitic bees

Solid bars indicate ground-nesting bees

Diagonal striped bars indicate stem-nesting bees

mellifera

Bee Abundance by Family

Isaacs & Tuell unpub. data

0 20 40 60 80

100 120 140 160 180

2 3 4 5 Final

corn prairie

Colony weight gain

Tuell, Rich, Meehan and Isaacs unpub. data 0 5

10 15 20 25 30

Corn Prairie

* P < 0.05

No. of queens

Pollinator colony health

0 20 40 60 80

100 120 140 160 180

2 3 4 5 Final

corn prairie

Colony weight gain

Tuell, Rich, Meehan and Isaacs unpub. data

Pollinator colony health

Corn Prairie

* P < 0.05

Wt. per queen (g)

ily ri

(A) Corn fields (B) High diversity prairie

!   Predator family richness greatest in diverse grasslands

Predator Diversity

Werling, Meehan, Gratton, & Landis unpub. data

Predator Communities

Werling, Meehan, Gratton, & Landis. In review

Predation Services

Werling et al. 2011 Global Change Biology Bioenergy doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01092.x

Gardiner et al. 2009 Ecological Applica0ons Landis et al. 2008 PNAS

Predators save soybean farmers $13-‐79 acre-‐1 yr -‐1 in reduced pes0cide applica0ons and yield loss

Increased corn in the landscape reduces key predators and biocontrol services in soybean

Cos0ng producers $58 – 671 M yr -‐1 in forgone biocontrol services (based on actual 2006-‐07 increase in corn in MI, MN, IA, WI)

Valuing Predation Services At Landscape Scales

Develop Empirical Models

1. Experimental results with multiple prey species lead to prediction model

2. Model predictions of current biocontrol

3. Validate model with USDA county insecticide data

Y = -0.40X + 0.45

Meehan et al. in prep.

Regional Forecasts

Meehan et al. in prep.

Expanding annual bioenergy crops on marginal lands reduces biocontrol services up to 55%

Expanding perennial bioenergy crops on marginal lands increases biocontrol services up to 127%

State listed (MI) species found in biofuel crops:

Northern Harrier Henslow’s Sparrow Dickcissel Grasshopper Sparrow

Prairie Prairie Prairie Prairie Switchgrass

Nes0ng

Foraging

Bird: Overall Results

Arthropod diversity--families by habitat

Corn Switch Prairie

Arthropod Biomass (marginal means)

Corn Switch Prairie

Bird: Food Sources

Robertson et al. In prep.

Prairie Switchgrass Corn

Best model for breeding bird diversity

Log Patch Size (ha)

Bird: Species-Area Relationship

Robertson et al. 2011. Global Change Biology Bioenergy

Do rela(onships between birds and bioenergy crops at the field scale hold at landscape and region scales?

Data • 2008 NA Breeding Bird Survey • 2008 Cropland Data Layer Results • Landscape-‐scaled bird diversity is nega0vely related to annual and posi0vely related to perennial landcover

Modeled (color map) and actual (points) bird diversity

Number of species

Bird: Landscape Results

Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. PNAS. 107:18533-18538.

How will breeding bird diversity change if marginal land goes from perennial to annual land cover, or vice versa?

Perennial to annual

Annual to perennial

Bird: Landscape Implications

Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. PNAS. 107:18533-18538.

•  Increase biodiversity and ecosystem services

Win-Win Scenarios?

•  Improve marginal lands

Win-Win Scenarios?

!   Biodiversity supports critical ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes

!   Protect and enhance that biodiversity through informed landscape

management !   Cellulosic biofuels offer a unique opportunity to rethink agriculture to

maximize ecosystem services and enhance sustainability

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Conclusions 36

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!   Productive !   economically profitable !   favorable energy return !   land-conserving !   mitigating effect on greenhouse gas emissions

!   Perennial !   cost less to maintain !   emit fewer greenhouse gases !   less prone to soil erosion and water pollution !   potential to conserve biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services.

! Polycultural !   pest and disease suppression !   nitrogen fixation !   nutrient and carbon conservation !   pollination services to surrounding crops

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Key Biofuel Crop Attributes 38

Insects: Landis, D.A., M.M. Gardiner, W. van der Werf and S.M. Swinton. 2008. Increasing corn for biofuel production reduces

biocontrol services in agricultural landscapes. PNAS. 105: 20552-20557. Landis, D.A. and B.P. Werling. 2010. Arthropods and Biofuel Production Systems in North America. Insect Science. 17:1–17,

DOI 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2009.01310.x Gardiner, M., J. Tuell, R. Isaacs, J. Gibbs, J. Ascher and D.A. Landis. 2010. Implications of three model biofuel crops for

beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes. BioEnergy Research. 3:6–19. DOI 10.1007/s12155-009-9065-7 Werling, B.P., T. Meehan, B. Robertson, C. Gratton and D. Landis. 2011. Biocontrol potential varies with changes in biofuel-

crop plant communities and landscape perenniality. Global Change Biology-Bioenergy. In press. Birds: Meehan, T.D., A.H. Hurlbert and C. Gratton. 2010. Bird communities in future bioenergy landscapes of the Upper Midwest.

PNAS. 107:18533-18538. Webster, C.R., D.J. Flaspohler, R.D. Jackson, T.D. Meehan and C. Gratton. 2010. Diversity, productivity and landscape-level

effects in North American grasslands managed for biomass production. Biofuels. 1:451-461. Fletcher Jr., R.J., B.A. Robertson, J. Evans, P.J. Doran, J.R.R. Alavalapati and D.W. Schemske, 2010. Biodiversity

conservation in the era of biofuels: Risks and opportunities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. DOI:10.1890/090091

Robertson, B.A., P.J. Doran, J.R. Robertson, E.R. Loomis and D.W. Schemske. 2011. Perennial biomass feedstocks enhance avian diversity. Global Change Biology Bioenergy. In press.

Robertson, B.A., Doran, P.J., Loomis, E.R., Robertson J.R., & Schemske, D.W. 2011. Avian use of perennial biomass feedstocks as post-breeding and migratory stopover habitat. PLoS One. In press.

Microbes: Schrotenboer, A. S., Allen, M., and Malmstrom, C.M., (2011). Modification of native grasses for biofuel production may

increase virus susceptibility. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, DOI 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01093.x Levine, U.Y., T.K. Teal, G.P. Robertson and T.M. Schmidt (2011) Agriculture’s impact on microbial diversity and associated

fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane. The ISME Journal. In press. www.glbrc.org

Biodiversity: Publications 39

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Implications of Future Bioenergy Cropping Systems

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