BioHarvesting: Use of Natural FormsFor Photonics

Richard A. VaiaAir Force Research Laboratory, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate

Funding: Bio-Inspired Concept Theme, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development (AOARD)Air Force Research Lab/Materials & Manufacturing Dir. (AFRL/ML)Collaborative Center for Polymer Photonics (CCPP)

Prof. Sergei Lyuksyutov Univ. Akron

Prof. Liming Dia Univ. Akron

Prof. Edwin Thomas MIT

Sam Ha MIT

Edwin Chan MIT/U. Mass

Prof. Paul Matsudaira Whitehead Institute

Jennifer Shin Whitehead Institute

Dr. Andrew Smith Natural History Museum, London, UK

Dr. Terje Dokland Inst. Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore

Prof. Vernon Ward Univ. Otago

Jason Brunton Univ. Otago

BioHarvesting Natural FormsTeam

Shane Juhl AFRL/ML

Ryan Kramer AFRL/ML

Dr. Corey Radloff AFRL/ML

Dr. Morley Stone AFRL/ML

Dr. Rajesh Naik AFRL/ML

Dr. Joe Constantino AFRL/ML

Dr. Barry Farmer AFRL/ML

John Murry AFRL/ML

Introduction: Photonic Band Gap Materials

Bio-TemplatingScaffolds and Top-Down Replication

Bio-ColloidsSelf, Forced & Directed Assembly

Summary

BioHarvesting Natural FormsFor Photonics

Periodicity () +

Dielectric Contrast () +

Geometry=

forbidden frequency for wave propagation

(photonic band gap)

Photonic Band Gap Materials(PBGs)

0.3a, =12.960.7a, =1

a

Ec

Erc

EE fluct 02

2

2

22

Periodic Potential: fluct(r)

Periodic function: E(r)

S. John, Univ. Toronto Andrew Reynolds, Univ. Glasgow

(x) = 0fluct(x)

Periodicity () +

Dielectric Contrast () +

Geometry=

forbidden frequency for wave propagation

(photonic band gap)

Photonic Band Gap Materials(PBGs)

<ls>

2r

ls

RandomPeriodic

kk

morphology

continuum

Methods to form ordered, anisotropic structures•Microcontact printing•Block copolymer templating•Colloidal crystal processing•Lithography (nano)•Holography•TPA MicroFab•Surfactant(micelle) directed•Pattern-directed dewetting•Polyelectrolyte deposition•….

Challenge:Approaches for ‘Large Area’ PBG Fabrication

3d silicon arrays

Lin et. al., MRSSelenium, inverse FCC

Braun, et. al, Adv. Mat

WoodpileE. Ozbay; S. Noda;

S. LinMicrocircuitryJoannopoulis

• Trade-offs

• Cost-effect, rapid access to ‘complex’ structures

• ‘Defect’ engineering

• Trade-offs

• Cost-effect, rapid access to ‘complex’ structures

• ‘Defect’ engineering

Role for Natural Forms?

Bio-chemical Approaches?

Role for Natural Forms?

Bio-chemical Approaches?

Structural Color in Nature

Interference / Iridescence

• 1D: Morpho Butterfly, Abalone Shells, Humming

Bird • 2D: Sea Mouse• 3D: Opals

Scattering

Rayleigh

Structure and Form in Nature

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 6234-6238, 1998

Chem. Mater. 9: 1731-1740, 1997

100 nmscale bar = 15 nm

Scheuring, S.; et al. Mol. Microbiol.

2002, 44(3), 675-684.

Sara, M.; et al J. Bacteriol. 2000, 182(4), 859.

Top-Down: Replication Bottom-Up: Assembly

Introduction: Photonic Band Gap Materials

Bio-TemplatingScaffolds and Top-Down Replication

Bio-ColloidsSelf, Forced & Directed Assembly

Summary

BioHarvesting Natural FormsFor Photonics

510

1520

2530

3540

45 0.200.25

0.300.35

0.400.45

0.500.55

0.603.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x co

ntra

st

frequency

(c/a)

Volume fraction (%)

10(cosx + cosy + cosz) – 5(cosx cosy + cosy cosz + cosz cosx) = t

Image from http://www.msri.org/publications/sgp/jim/geom/level/skeletal/index.html

Level Set Equation

5-6Gap Closes

3:1

2-3Gap Closes

3.75:1

Mathematician’s Cidaris CidarisSkeletal graph of the P-surface

Schwartz’s P-Surface“Plumber’s Nightmare”

Gap Map

Ha, et al.

Various Stereom Morphologies

Smith, A.B. “The stereom microstructure of the echinoid test.” Special Papers in Palaeontology,

25, p.1 (1981).

Ha, et al.

Andrew B. SmithDepartment of Paleontology,

Natural History Museum

Size Reduction & Infiltration Scheme

Native Structure Inverse SiO2 Structure

Ha, et al.