Post on 26-May-2015
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Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/975% new material
25% old
Gram-negative
• meningococcal menintus
• Thin cell wall• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans• sensitive to osmotic
pressure• antibiotic tolerant• thin peptidoglycan layer
Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan layer
• resistant to osmotic pressure
Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile2. coliform: your
digestive tract3. thermophile4. acidophile
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic 2. anaerobe
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative) 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria (photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
capsule: sugar material that covers cell wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H. influenza
• protect against phagocytosis
• protect against desiccation
• allow adherence
fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose structures
• pile: used for conjugation (sexual reproduction)
slime layer: sticky matrix of polysaccharides that protects the bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decays
taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus
internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)• no organelles• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic processes
• Some bacteria have additional genomes, circular DNA, plasmids
binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to two
• mitosis: split nucleus
endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
endospore
• botulism
endospore
• tetanus
endospore
• gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringen)
classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1. photoautotrophy2. chemoautotrophy3. photoheterotrophy4. chemoheterotrophy
photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight• carob from CO2
chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2
photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic sources (other organisms)
chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from organic sources
eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Archae
• cell wall made of pseudomurein
methanogen
• anaerobic Archae• remove excess
hydrogen, O2
symbiotic categories
1. mutualism2. commensalism3. parasitism
Genus of bacterial diseases!
1. Borelia2. Treponema3. Staphylococcus4. Mycobacterium5. Yersinia6. Neisseria
1. Lyme2. syphilis3. toxic shock (MRSA)4. tuberculosis5. plague6. gonorrhea
Lyme
• Borelia
syphilis
• Treponema
MRSA
• Staphylococcus
tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium
plague
1. Bubonic2. pneumonic
• Yersinia
gonorrhea
• Neisseria
exotoxin
• G positive
botulin
• exotoxin• Gram positive
tetanus
• exotoxin• Gram positive
endotoxin
• Gram negative• you get more sick• bacteria has outer
membrane
Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin
Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin• have outer membrane
Gram
• exotoxin– made of G positive– botulin and tetanin are
examples– can elicit immune
response – can be vaccinated
against
• endotoxin– made of G-negative– made of outer
membrane (OM)– are released when
bacteria die– does NOT elicit an
immune response – you get more sick – vaccination is difficult
Chlamydomonas
• eyespot• pyrenoid• protist
Diatom
• protist
Algae
• photosynthetic protist
Protists
• Lecture: Thursday 11/21 • Cercozoans• Forams• Radiolarians• Amoeba– 4 clades
• Rhodophyta (red algae)• Chlorophyta (green
algae)• Lab 26: slime molds
Cerocozoans
• Amoeba-looking cells• Clade foraminiferans
(“forams”)• Feed by pseudopodia
Phylum: Forams
• shrimp • Porous, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shells called tests
• Pseudopodia extend through the pores
• ocean pH environmental problem: acidity dissolves tests
Forams (importance)
• layers of foram tests in marine sediments from limestone and oil deposits– Egyptian pyramids
• act as carbon reservoir• used by geologists to
locate oil reserves (oil explorer)
• used to determine age of rocks and pas climate
forams
• limestone cliff in Dover England
Kingdom: radiolarians
• have silica tests fused into one piece (like diatoms)
• pseudopodia are called axopodia, which radiate from central body
• only ONE clade
Kingdom: amoeba
• have lobe-shaped pseudopodia (false feet) rather than threadlike
• do not have tests and have no shape
• The Blob (film)
Four Clades of Amoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
Gymnanoebas
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• free living (not disease causing)
• found in damp, environmental conditions (in your guts, soil, bottom of lakes)
Entaamoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• generally parasitic – ex. Entaamoeba histolytica:
causes dysentery and organ damage
– Naegleria: cause fatal encephalitis• found in warm fresh waters in
southern states• infections occur via nose and in
summer months• very rare: you’re more likely to
win the lottery
– E. histolyta in stool: cyst, trophozoite
– N. fowleri in brain
plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime
mold4. cellular slime mold
• spend most life cycle as a unicellular plasmodium
• made up of thousands of cells that fuse to ONE giant cell with many nuclei
• When stressed, plasmodium develop to sporangia and produce spores.
• Spores germinate into biflagellated cells, which act as gametes or as amoeboid cells.
• Syngamy of gametes produce new plasmodium.
plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• Life cycle1. fruiting body2. spores released3. signal: cells come
together and fuse4. form plasmodium
cellular slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• cells do NOT fuse; but they act as one organism
• spends most life cycle as feeding individual protist cells
• form pseudopodia (slug) when food is depleted
• slug develops to fruiting body to produce spores
cellular slime mold
• life cycle– fruiting bodies– amoebas– signal: cells aggregate
and form plasmodium slime mold; they do NOT fuse
– they move as one
kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• phycoerythrin (red pigment) which allowed Rhodophyta to live in deeper waters
• Most are large and multi-cellular
• store sugar as floridean starch (glycogen) like humans
• found in tropical waters
kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Uses– eaten as food – agar: food, petri dish– coralline algae secrete
shells of calcium carbonate, which form coral reefs. Algae are NOT coral. They are part of the ecosystem that supports corals.
kingdom: chlorophyta (green algae)
1. chlorophylls 2. charophyceans
• have chloroplasts– chlorophyll a and b– store sugar in the form
of starch– have accessory pigments
and stacked thylakoids
– ex. Volva– ulva (sea lettuce)– calberna (sea feather)
Slides: slime mold
1. endamoeba histolytica2. foraminisera3. trypanosome
gambienso nasco4. paramecium5. plasmodium6. radiolarian ooze
tropical pacific